Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common, morbid, and frequently lethal malignancy. To uncover its mutational spectrum, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 74 tumor-normal pairs. The majority exhibited a mutational profile consistent with tobacco exposure; human papillomavirus was detectable by sequencing DNA from infected tumors. In addition to identifying previously known HNSCC genes (TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, PIK3CA, and HRAS), our analysis revealed many genes not previously implicated in this malignancy. At least 30% of cases harbored mutations in genes that regulate squamous differentiation (for example, NOTCH1, IRF6, and TP63), implicating its dysregulation as a major driver of HNSCC carcinogenesis. More generally, the results indicate the ability of large-scale sequencing to reveal fundamental tumorigenic mechanisms.

The Mutational Landscape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are often used to complement the clinical exploration and staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Which of these techniques is best in establishing correct staging and treatment planning is not clear, however. This study aims to determine which technique is most appropriate for diagnosing the primary tumor and for detecting bone invasion and neck metastases. Material and methods A Medline literature search was made over the last 10 years. In each selected study, we recorded the sample size and sensitivity, specificity and precision. Strengths and limitations of each study were assessed also. Results Eight articles relating to detection of the primary tumor, 19 to bone invasion, and 28 to neck metastases were selected and compared. Conclusion Despite the high precision of positron emission tomography (PET) or hybrid techniques in detecting the primary tumor, they have not replaced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), particularly in the case of small lesions. MRI and CT are adequate techniques in the assessment of bone invasion.Recent studies have shown good results with PET-CT and cone-beam CT, but future studies are needed to demonstrate their benefits. Despite the high precision of PET and PET-CT, their use in assessing neck metastases remains subject to controversy, and their use in all patients with OSCC is not justified. CT and MRI are useful in determining the N category.

Utility of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of oral cancer.

Complementary imaging techniques that round out the clinical examination are fundamentally important in the work-up of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Above all, exact determination of primary tumour extent, metastatic spread, and treatment response highly depend on accurate imaging methods. Despite a multitude of recently published reviews, there is still an ongoing debate regarding the best imaging method. In order to update the current literature with the latest evidence, a systematic literature search via Pubmed was performed. In total, 56 studies were enrolled, 4170 patients were analysed, and twenty different imaging methods were evaluated referring to their sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In summary, CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) currently remain the gold standard for evaluating extension of the primary tumour site. No additional evidence could be obtained for functional imaging methods displaying metastatic spread in the cervical lymph nodes, but was found for distant metastases. Furthermore, functional imaging seems to be beneficial in evaluating treatment response. There is further evidence in the accuracy of the different imaging methods found in this update that could possibly be implemented into the revision of the current guidelines and obtain a clear and coherent approach in the clinical set-up.

Diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma: How much imaging do we really need? A review of the current literature.

Objective
We analyzed outcomes from immunocompromised patients with scalp squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with surgical excision with and without radiation in order to explore 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp in the immunocompromised patient: review of 53 cases

Performance of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer mandibular invasion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose
Knowledge of the presence and extent of bone infiltration is crucial for planning the resection of potential bone-infiltrating squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). Routinely, plain-film radiography, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used for preoperative staging, but they show relatively high rates of false-positive and false-negative findings. Scintigraphy with 99mTc-bisphosphonate has the ability to show increased metabolic bone activity. If combined with anatomical imaging (e.g. (SPECT)/CT), it facilitates the precise localization of malignant bone lesions. The aim of this study was to analyse the indications and advantages of SPECT/CT compared with standard imaging modalities and histology with regard to specificity and sensitivity

Combined SPECT/CT improves detection of initial bone invasion and determination of resection margins in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck compared to conventional imaging modalities

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Combined SPECT/CT improves detection of initial bone invasion and determination of resection margins in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck compared to conventional imaging modalities