The nutrient accumulation curves of apple trees are good indicators of plant nutrient demand for each developmental stage. They are also a useful tool to evaluate orchard nutritional status and to estimate the amount of soil nutrient removal. This research aimed at evaluating the seasonality of nutrients in commercial apple orchards during the agricultural years of 1999, 2000, and 2001. Therefore, apple tree leaves and fruits of three cultivars 'Gala', 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji' were weekly collected and evaluated for fresh and dry matter, fruit diameter and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrient (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations. Leaf and fruit sampling started one or two weeks after full bloom, depending on the cultivar, and ended at fruit harvest or four weeks later (in the case of leaf sampling). In general, leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Cu, and B decreased; Ca increased; and Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn did vary significantly along the plant vegetative cycle. In fruits, the initial nutrient concentrations decreased quickly, undergoing slow and continuous decreases and then remaining almost constant until the end of fruit maturation, indicating nutrient dilution, once the total nutrient accumulation increased gradually with fruit growth. Potassium was the nutrient present in highest quantities in apple tree fruits and thus, the most removed from the soil.

/pdf/seasonality-of-nutrients-in-leaves-and-fruits-of-apple-trees-2ckoiz2833.pdf

Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees

Horticultural performance and elemental nutrient concentrations on ‘Fuji’ grafted on apple rootstocks under New York State climatic conditions

Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in Golden Delicious apples.

The present investigation was carried out to study the „Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on fruit yield and quality in litchi‟ during the year 2015-16. Thirty five year‟s old uniformly grown „Dehradun‟ litchi plants established at MS Randhawa FRS, Gangian (Hoshiarpur) were sprayed with KNO3 @ 1.0, 1.5 and 2% at three different stages i.e. single spray 10 days after fruit set (DAFS) (S1); double spray after 10 and 20 DAFS (S2) and triple spray after 10, 20 and 30 DAFS (S3) and the control (water spray). The plants treated with K as foliar feeding significantly improved fruit pericarp colour, marketable fruit yield and quality attributes over the control. Increment in fruit yield to the tune of 13.9% was recorded in trees treated with double spray of KNO3 1% over the control. Fruit weight, size and fruit retention were also improved with different doses of K as foliar feeding. Fruit colour coordinates estimated in terms of ‘L‟ value was recorded the highest with one spray of KNO3 1.5% and ‘a’ value also increased from 17.9 to 18.6 with the increased in dose of KNO3 from 1 to 2 per cent as well as single spray of KNO3 1.5%, however; ‘b’ colour value was noted maximum with single spray of KNO31%. Fruit quality characteristics viz. soluble solids content (SSC), SSC/acid ratio and total sugars were also enhanced with single, double and triple sprays of different concentrations of K fertilizers over untreated trees. Leaf N and K contents were significantly higher with foliar feeding of KNO3, however, effect on leaf P content was statistically non significant. From the present studies, it is concluded that single foliar spray of KNO3 1% after 10 DAFS considerably improved fruit size, fruit weight, pericarp colour, pulp/stone ratio and fruit yield in litchi cv. Dehradun.

Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on fruit yield and quality in litchi

History of our autochthonous fruit cultivars is very long. Balkan Peninsula is one of the most important and richest centers of genetic diversity of fruit species in Europe. In the process of domestication many fruit species came into contact with their wild relatives, intersecting different genetic material and adjusting to the given environmental conditions. In this way, there was enrichment of biodiversity with many landraces that now constitute our unique biological heritage. Autochthonous fruit varieties were suppressed by industrial and commercial varieties. The objective of this study was to investigate main pomological characteristics as well as fruit quality of the selected autochthonous plum cultivars from the region of Bosanski Petrovac. The fruits of selected cultivars could be processed, particularly into plum brandy, or they could be used fresh or dried. Also, can be used both in breeding programmes and as rootstocks as well as in further disease related systematic studies under field and laboratory conditions. In our region conservation of indigenous varieties is a prerequisite for the preservation of biodiversity, and the recognizable quality of our national products that have preserved specificity of our natural and cultural heritage. Also the potential for branding our traditional food products could represent good strategy for future rural development.

Evaluation of the quality of autochthonous plum cultivars in the area of Bosanski Petrovac.

Calcium sprays have improved quality and storage life of apple fruits throughout the world. The efficacy of Ca sprays, however, varies according to soil, cultivar, and climatic conditions. This study has being carried out since 1998, in Southern Brazil, to evaluate the effect of calcium sprays on fruit quality of ‘Gala’ apples. Treatments consisted of 0, 4, 8, and 12 applications of 0.5% CaCl2 sprays. Fruits of same size and maturity level were analyzed for soluble solid content, titratable acidity, starch pattern index, flesh firmness, skin background color, russeting, physiological disorders, and for N, K, Ca and Mg, at harvest and after five months of cold storage at –1 °C and 90-95% RH. In the first two years, yield was greater than 45 t ha-1, fruits from all treatments were free of any disorder, and Ca sprays had no effect on any leaf or fruit attribute. In the third season, however, when yield was 18 t ha-1, fruits did not develop any disorder at harvest, but, after storage, the incidence of bitter pit and lenticel blotch pit was inversely related to the number of Ca sprays, ranging from 25% with no calcium to 2% in the treatment with twelve calcium sprays. Averaged across years and treatments, the concentration of Ca in the fruits was 41 mg kg-1. It seems that the incidence of calcium related disorders in ‘Gala’ apples on high pH soils in Southern Brazil only occurs in seasons with light crop load as a result of large fruits and a high leaf/fruit ratio.

Preharvest calcium sprays improve fruit quality of "Gala" apples in southern Brazil

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Preharvest calcium sprays improve fruit quality of "Gala" apples in southern Brazil