Liquid phase sintering (LPS) is a process for forming high performance, multiple-phase components from powders. It involves sintering under conditions where solid grains coexist with a wetting liquid. Many variants of LPS are applied to a wide range of engineering materials. Example applications for this technology are found in automobile engine connecting rods and high-speed metal cutting inserts. Scientific advances in understanding LPS began in the 1950s. The resulting quantitative process models are now embedded in computer simulations to enable predictions of the sintered component dimensions, microstructure, and properties. However, there are remaining areas in need of research attention. This LPS review, based on over 2,500 publications, outlines what happens when mixed powders are heated to the LPS temperature, with a focus on the densification and microstructure evolution events.

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Review: liquid phase sintering

This graduate textbook presents a comprehensive, unified treatment of the materials science of deformation as applied to solid Earth geophysics and geology. The deformation of Earth materials is presented in a systematic way covering elastic, anelastic and viscous deformation. Advanced discussions on relevant debates are also included to bring readers a full picture of science in this interdisciplinary area. This textbook is ideal for graduate courses on the rheology and dynamics of solid Earth, and includes review questions with solutions so readers can monitor their understanding of the material presented. It is also a much-needed reference for geoscientists in many fields including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, materials science, mineralogy and ceramics.

Deformation of Earth Materials: An Introduction to the Rheology of Solid Earth

Sintering occurs when packed particles are heated to a temperature where there is sufficient atomic motion to grow bonds between the particles The conditions that induce sintering depend on the material, its melting temperature, particle size, and a host of processing variables It is common for sintering to produce a dimensional change, typically shrinkage, where the powder compact densifies, leading to significant strengthening Microstructure coarsening is inherent to sintering, most evident as grain growth, but it is common for pore growth to occur as density increases During coarsening, the grain structure converges to a self-similar character seen in both the grain shape distribution and grain size distribution Coarsening behavior during sintering conforms to classic grain growth kinetics, modified to reflect the evolving microstructure These modifications involve the grain boundary coverage due to pores, liquid films, or second phases and the altered grain boundary mobility due to these phases

Coarsening in Sintering: Grain Shape Distribution, Grain Size Distribution, and Grain Growth Kinetics in Solid-Pore Systems

Efforts were and are made to develop performant fabrication technologies, for transparent polycrystalline spinel – a material used for armor, infrared windows and other products. Significant progress was made – during some fifty years of research – regarding the understanding of the structure of spinel, at various scales, and the best ways to correlate processing with the relevant structural features so as to improve properties. This review compiles and comments the results of this progress, using as sources the literature and the author's own work. As of now the best specimens obtained combine submicron grains with an optical transmission close to the theoretical and a Vickers hardness of 15 GPa (size ≤25 cm). Larger plates, more than 0.5 m in size, but with coarse microstructure and lower hardness, have also been produced, together with quite large dome shaped parts, exhibiting highly uniform optical properties.

Correlation between MgAl2O4-spinel structure, processing factors and functional properties of transparent parts (progress review)

This paper reports recent theoretical perspectives and experimental results on microstructural evolution during sintering in terms of the interface structure, which is either rough (atomically disordered) or faceted (atomically ordered). The paper presents theoretical predictions and calculations of grain growth during liquid-phase sintering based on crystal growth theories. It is shown that various types of grain growth behavior, which may be normal, abnormal, or stagnant, can appear as a result of the coupling effects of the maximum driving force for growth and the critical driving force for appreciable growth. The predictions are also shown to be valid in the case of solid-state sintering. A number of experimental observations showing the effect of some critical processing parameters have been found to be in excellent agreement with the predictions. Principles of microstructure development (grain growth control) during sintering are suggested. In addition, the effect of the interface structure on densification is briefly described and discussed.

Microstructural Evolution During Sintering with Control of the Interface Structure

During ceramic fabrication, densification processes compete with coarsening processes to determine the path of microstructural evolution. Grain growth is a key coarsening process. This paper examines grain boundary migration in ceramics, and discusses the effects of solutes, pores, and liquid phases on grain boundary migration rates. An effort is made to highlight work in the past decade that has contributed to and advanced our understanding of solute drag effects, pore-boundary interactions, and the role of liquid phases in grain growth and microstructural evolution. Anisotropy of the grain boundary mobility, and its role in the development of anisotropic (anisometric) microstructures is discussed as it is a central issue in recent efforts to produce ceramic materials with new combinations of properties and functionality.

Grain Boundary Migration in Ceramics

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Grain Boundary Migration in Ceramics