Wind power is going through a very rapid development. It is among the fastest growing power sources in the world, the technology is being developed rapidly and wind power is supplying significant shares of the energy in large regions. The integration of wind power in the power system is now an issue in order to optimize the utilization of the resource and to continue the high rate of installation of wind generating capacity, which is necessary so as to achieve the goals of sustainability and security of supply. This paper presents the main technical challenges that are associated with the integration of wind power into power systems. These challenges include effects of wind power on the power system, the power system operating cost, power quality, power imbalances, power system dynamics, and impacts on transmission planning. The main conclusion is that wind power's impacts on system operating costs are small at low wind penetrations (about 5% or less). At higher wind penetrations, the impact will be higher, although current results suggest the impact remains moderate with penetrations approaching 20%. In addition, the paper presents the technology and expectations of wind forecasting as well as cases where wind power curtailment could arise. Future research directions for a better understanding of the factors influencing the increased integration of wind power into power systems are also provided.

/pdf/technical-challenges-associated-with-the-integration-of-wind-nkfusqdp5o.pdf

Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An “offline” index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-rc7v87xw7v.pdf

Evaluating and Planning Flexibility in Sustainable Power Systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An `offline' index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-3co0le6152.pdf

Evaluating and planning flexibility in sustainable power systems

The variations of wind power production will increase the flexibility needed in the system when significant amounts of load are covered by wind power When studying the incremental effects that varying wind power production imposes on the power system, it is important to study the system as a whole: only the net imbalances have to be balanced by the system Large geographical spreading of wind power will reduce variability, increase predictability and decrease the occasions with near zero or peak output The goal of this work was to estimate the increase in hourly load-following reserve requirements based on real wind power production and synchronous hourly load data in the four Nordic countries The result is an increasing effect on reserve requirements with increasing wind power penetration At a 10% penetration level (wind power production of gross demand) this is estimated as 1·5%–4% of installed wind capacity, taking into account that load variations are more predictable than wind power variations Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Impact of hourly wind power variations on the system operation in the Nordic countries

Studies of the effects that wind power production imposes on the power system involve assessing the variations of large-scale wind power production over the whole power system area. Large geographical spreading of wind power will reduce variability, increase predictability and decrease the occasions with near zero or peak output. In this article the patterns and statistical properties of large-scale wind power production data are studied using the data sets available for the Nordic countries. The existing data from Denmark give the basis against which the data collected from the other Nordic countries are benchmarked. The main goal is to determine the statistical parameters describing the reduction of variability in the time series for the different areas in question. The hourly variations of large-scale wind power stay 91%–94% of the time within ±5% of installed capacity in one country, and for the whole of the Nordic area 98% of the time. For the Nordic time series studied, the best indicator of reduced variability in the time series was the standard deviation of the hourly variations. According to the Danish data, it is reduced to less than 3% from a single site value of 10% of capacity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hourly wind power variations in the Nordic countries

Electric utility system planners and operators are concerned that variations in wind plant output may increase the operating costs of the system. This concern arises because the system must maintain an instantaneous balance between the aggregate demand for electric power and the total power generated by all power plants feeding the system. This is a highly sophisticated task that utility operators and automatic controls perform routinely, based on well-known operating characteristics for conventional power plants and a great deal of experience accumulated over many years. System operators are concerned that variations in wind plant output will force the conventional power plants to provide compensating variations to maintain system balance, thus causing the conventional power plants to deviate from operating points chosen to minimize the total cost of operating the system. The operators' concerns are compounded by the fact that conventional power plants are generally under their control and thus are dispatchable, whereas wind plants are controlled instead by nature. Although these are valid concerns, the key issue is not whether a system with a significant amount of wind capacity can be operated reliably, but rather to what extent the system operating costs are increased by the variability of the wind.

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35946.pdf

Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date; Preprint

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Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date; Preprint