Investigating the use of sedimentary geochemical proxies for paleoenvironment interpretation of thermally mature organic-rich strata: Examples from the Devonian–Mississippian shales, Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

Effect of diagenesis on trace element partitioning in shales

Kaolinite and dickite formation during shale diagenesis: isotopic data

Composition, porosity, and reservoir potential of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation, northeast Iran

Wplyw procesow diagenetycznych na zachowanie skorupek otwornic w osadach Basenu Beauforta-Mackenzie i przyleglych basenach obszarow kratonicznych

Terrigenous clastic, deltaic-dominated, sedimentary basins, such as the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin of Arctic Canada, are thick, areally extensive bodies of sediment that undergo a wide variety of diagenetic processes in a wide variety of physical and chemical environments. Diagenetic processes and effects are unique to various parts of the basin, but four diagenetic regimes can be isolated to encompass many of the diagenetic processes affecting sedimentary basins. These are the early, burial, overpressured, and meteoric diagenetic regimes. Foraminiferal preservation may be affected by chemical, physical, and biological activities in the diagenetic regimes. 

Early diagenetic conditions are generally favourable for the preservation of foraminifers, but bacterial production of CO2 could lead to the dissolution of calcareous foraminifers and early diagenetic pyrite often infills foraminiferal tests. 

The burial diagenetic regime is dominated by increasing temperature, pressure, and compaction. Increased temperature is reflected by thermal, colour alteration of organic cement in the test of agglutinated foraminifers. Thermally controlled mineralogical changes are also evident in the burial diagenetic regime and include silicification of the agglutinated test, chloritization of calcareous foraminifers, and precipitation o f secondary clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite within the foraminiferal test. Thermal maturity can be assessed by application o f the Foraminiferal Colouration Index (FCI). Mineralogical changes in foraminifers allow for the establishment o f four broad burial diagenetic zones (A to D). 

The overpressured regime may be responsible for a retardation in thermal alteration of agglutinated foraminifers and silicification of agglutinated foraminifers may be a precursor as well as an effect o f overpressured fluids in sedimentary basins. 

The meteoric regime is significant during periods of extensive erosion. Interactions between organic and inorganic detritus and meteoric waters may lead to dissolution of calcareous foraminifers and precipitation of secondary minerals such as kaolinite and minor amounts of quartz.

https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/asgp/article/download/12470/10944

Diagenetic regimes and the foraminiferal record in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin and adjacent cratonic areas

Shales have often been cited as the source of authigenic material that occurs in coarser grained sediments, but there are few comprehensive studies of diagenesis in shales that rigorously attempt to determine if they are sources for potentially mobile constituents or if they retain those constituents within the shale body. The silicate diagenesis of a Lower Cretaceous marine mudstone, the Harmon Member, was investigated by determining the bulk chemistry, clay mineral compositions and mineral modes using standard analytical techniques and linear programming. Changes in mineralogy are observed in hemipelagic laminated mudstones (LM) that are attributable to diagenesis despite relatively constant bulk compositions. These include authigenic kaolinite formation and illitization of detrital muscovite, K-feld-spar and authigenic kaolinite. No diagenetic trends in mineralogy are observed in rapid and episodically deposited transition zone (TZ) sediments because of primary (depositional) mineralogical variability. Diagenetic changes in mineral modes for shales of the Harmon Member are small, suggesting that silicate diagenesis proceeds under relatively “closed system” conditions. The occurrence of authigenic quartz suggests that much of the Si released from the dissolution of quartz and chert is precipitated within the Harmon Member. Al, Ti, and K apparently are conserved. Burial induced increase in temperature is inferred to be the primary control on silicate diagenesis within the Harmon Member.

Shale diagenesis; a case study from the Albian Harmon Member (Peace River Formation), Western Canada

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Shale diagenesis; a case study from the Albian Harmon Member (Peace River Formation), Western Canada