1. Prospective and interventional studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and the incidence of coronary artery disease. Although the atheroprotective effects of HDL are usually attributed to the reverse cholesterol transport, in which HDL shuttles cholesterol from cells in the arterial wall to the liver, other mechanisms are also under investigation. 2. Platelets are involved in both the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, the formation of thrombi over ruptured atherosclerotic plaques results in the narrowing or complete occlusion of coronary arteries. Current experimental evidence suggests that HDL may exert antiplatelet effects and thereby counteract the development of atherothrombotic vascular disease. 3. In vitro studies show that HDL inhibits agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation, fibrinogen binding, granule secretion and liberation of thromboxane A(2). Inhibitory effects of HDL are mediated, in part, by scavenger receptor type B1 and/or the apolipoprotein E receptor apoER2/LRP8 and are linked to the induction of intracellular signalling cascades encompassing stimulation of protein kinase C, cytoplasmatic alkalization and generation of nitric oxide. 4. Populational studies demonstrate that there is an inverse association between plasma HDL levels and recurrent venous thromboembolism. In addition, HDL-cholesterol has been identified as an independent predictor of acute platelet thrombus formation. The administration of reconstituted HDL particles in humans attenuates ex vivo platelet activation. 5. The present review summarizes recent advances in understanding HDL-platelet interactions and discusses the potential use of HDL-like particles in the therapy of thrombosis.

High‐density lipoproteins, platelets and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

E icosanoids, particularly prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2), have been implicated in the regulation of vascular homeostasis from the point of view of platelet-vessel wall interactions and in the regulation of blood vessel tone and hemostasis (for reviews, see references 1 and 2). However, subsequent investigations have revealed that PGI2 and other eicosanoids may also have an important role in the regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype and cellular cholesterol metabolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the role of eicosanoids in the regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferative capacity and cellular cholesterol content under normal physiological conditions and in an "atherogenic" environment.

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.ATV.9.4.413

Eicosanoids in regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype, proliferative capacity, and cholesterol metabolism.

Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy

Recent studies indicate that short-term cholesterol feeding causes vascular hyperreactivity and/or increased tone in certain vascular beds. The present study in rats examined the effect of 3 wk of cholesterol-supplemented diet (CSD) on renal hemodynamics. We tested the hypothesis that LDL oxidized in vivo is causally related to increased renal vascular tone by adding the antioxidant drug probucol to the CSD (CSD + P). Micropuncture of surface nephrons in the CSD rats demonstrated that single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and single nephron afferent plasma flow (QA) were markedly lower than in normal rats, whereas glomerular capillary pressure (PGC), afferent arteriolar resistance (RA), and single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF) were higher. In the CSD + P animals, almost all of these hemodynamic abnormalities were absent. TXB2 and PGE2 were increased in proximal tubule fluid and urine in the CSD rats, but normal in the CSD + P group. Infusion of a TXA2 receptor antagonist into the suprarenal aorta of CSD rats caused a rapid return to normal of RBF (renal blood flow), GFR (glomerular filtration rate), SNGFR, QA, RA, PGC, and Kf (ultrafiltration coefficient). Our observations demonstrate that cholesterol feeding leads to renal vasoconstriction, which appears to be mediated largely by increased TXA2 production. The fact that probucol prevented the hemodynamic abnormalities as well as the increased TX production is consistent with the hypothesis that LDL oxidized in vivo initiates events leading to TX mediated vasoconstriction.

/pdf/renal-vasoconstriction-caused-by-short-term-cholesterol-46hbqkedre.pdf

Renal vasoconstriction caused by short-term cholesterol feeding is corrected by thromboxane antagonist or probucol.

Prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (Txs), and leukotrienes (LTs) play a relevant role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Recent reports concerning cardiovascular risk associated with cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors have prompted questions about the "protective" or "deleterious" role of each COX isoform in cardiovascular disease, and the cloning and expression of inducible PGE-synthase (PGES) open the possibility that PGES could be a new therapeutical target in this context. Predominance of constricting or relaxing prostanoids depends not only on COX activity but also to downstream enzymes such as PGI-synthase (PGIS) and PGES. In the vessel wall, PGIS and PGES seem to be major downstream enzymes in the endothelium and smooth muscle, respectively. Like COX, activity of these enzymes can also be regulated by several factors, which include nitrogen oxides, cytokines, and lipid peroxides. LTs are important inflammatory mediators also involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, which are targets for pharmacological intervention. Unlike COX pathway, the biosynthesis of chemotactic and vaso-constrictor LTs in the vasculature strongly depends on leukocyte recruitment and activation, and on cell-cell interaction between leukocytes and vascular cells in the inflamed areas. The present review emphasizes the role of vascular-derived prostanoids and LTs on atherosclerosis.

Cyclooxygenase and 5‐Lipoxygenase Pathways in the Vessel Wall: Role in Atherosclerosis

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) from male volunteers stimulated the thromboxane formation by human platelets.

Inhibition of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) formation by LDL-cholesterol or LDL-peroxides?

Effect of HDL and LDL from pre and post menopausal women on prostacyclin synthesis.

A light scalar field framework of dark energy, sometimes referred to as quintessence, introduces a fifth force between normal matter objects. Screening mechanisms, such as the chameleon model, allow the scalar field to be almost massless on cosmological scales while simultaneously evading laboratory constraints. We explore the ability of existing mechanical systems to directly detect the fifth force associated with chameleons in an astrophysically viable regime where it could be dark energy. We provide analytical expressions for the weakest accessible chameleon model parameters in terms of experimentally tunable variables and apply our analysis to two mechanical systems: levitated microspheres and torsion balances, showing that the current generation of these experiments have the sensitivity to rule out a significant portion of the proposed chameleon parameter space. We also indicate regions of theoretically well-motivated chameleon parameter space to guide future experimental work.

Searching for Chameleon Dark Energy with Mechanical Systems.

Modern TheologyVolume 39, Issue 1 p. 131-158 Review Essay What’s New in the New Trinitarian Ontology? A Commentary on Klaus Hemmerle’s Theses Towards a Trinitarian Ontology John R. Betz, Corresponding Author John R. Betz john.r.betz.6@nd.edu Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame, 130 Malloy Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 USASearch for more papers by this author John R. Betz, Corresponding Author John R. Betz john.r.betz.6@nd.edu Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame, 130 Malloy Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/moth.12817Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume39, Issue1January 2023Pages 131-158 RelatedInformation 

What’s New in the New Trinitarian Ontology? A Commentary on Klaus Hemmerle’s
 Theses Towards a Trinitarian Ontology

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Low density lipoprotein (LDL) from male volunteers stimulated the thromboxane formation by human platelets.

Inhibition of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) formation by LDL-cholesterol or LDL-peroxides?

Effect of HDL and LDL from pre and post menopausal women on prostacyclin synthesis.

Searching for Chameleon Dark Energy with Mechanical Systems.

What’s New in the New Trinitarian Ontology? A Commentary on Klaus Hemmerle’s Theses Towards a Trinitarian Ontology