This is the first landslide inventory map in the island of Lefkada integrating satellite imagery and reports from field surveys. In particular, satellite imagery acquired before and after the 2003 earthquake were collected and interpreted with the results of the field survey that took place 1 week after this strong (Mw = 6.3) event. The developed inventory map indicates that the density of landslides decreases from west to east. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of landslides was statistically analyzed in relation to the geology and topography for investigating their influence to landsliding. This was accomplished by overlaying these causal factors as thematic layers with landslide distribution data. Afterwards, weight values of each factor were calculated using the landslide index method and a landslide susceptibility map was developed. The susceptibility map indicates that the highest susceptibility class accounts for 38 % of the total landslide activity, while the three highest classes that cover the 10 % of the surface area, accounting for almost the 85 % of the active landslides. Our model was validated by applying the approaches of success and prediction rate to the dataset of landslides that was previously divided into two groups based on temporal criteria, estimation and validation group. The outcome of the validation dataset was that the highest susceptibility class concentrates 18 % of the total landslide activity. However, taking into account the frequency of landslides within the three highest susceptibility classes, more than 85 %, the model is characterized as reliable for a regional assessment of earthquake-induced landslides hazard.

GIS-based statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of earthquake-induced landslides in the island of Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece

The Mw6.4 earthquake sequence of 2015 in western Greece is analyzed using seismic data. Multiple point source modeling, nonlinear slip patch, and linear slip inversions reveal a coherent rupture image with directivity toward the southwest and several moment release episodes, reflected in the complex aftershock distribution. The key feature is that the 2015 earthquake ruptured a strong asperity, which was left unbroken in between two large subevents of the Mw6.2 Lefkada doublet in 2003. This finding and the well-analyzed Cephalonia earthquake sequence of 2014 provide strong evidence of segmentation of the major dextral Cephalonia-Lefkada Transform Fault (CTF), being related to extensional duplex transform zones. We propose that the duplexes extend farther to the north and that the CTF runs parallel to the western coast of Lefkada and Cephalonia Islands, considerably closer to the inhabited islands than previously thought. Generally, this study demonstrates faulting complexity across short time scales (earthquake doublets) and long time scales (seismic gaps).

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016GL069427

Asperity break after 12 years: The Mw6.4 2015 Lefkada (Greece) earthquake

The main objective of the study was to develop a novel expert-based approach in order to construct a landslide susceptibility map for the Island of Lefkada, Greece. The developed methodology was separated into two actions. The first action involved the construction of a landslide inventory map and the second the exploitation of expert knowledge and the use of fuzzy logic to produce a landslide susceptibility map. Two types of movements were analyzed: rapid moving slides that involve rock falls and rock slides and slow to very slow moving slides. The landslide inventory map was constructed through an evaluation procedure that involved the use of a group of experts, who analyzed data acquired from remote sensing techniques supplemented by landslide records and fieldwork data. During the second action an expert-driven model was developed for identifying the tendency of landslide occurrences concerning both types of movements. A set of casual variables was selected, namely: lithological units, slope angle, slope orientation, distance from tectonic features, distance from hydrographic network and distance from road network. The performance and validation of the developed model were compared with models that are constructed on the bases of each expert’s judgment. The results proved that the most accurate and reliable outcomes are obtained from the aggregated values assigned by the group of experts and not from the individual values assigned by each expert. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the models constructed by the expert’s group was 0.873 for prediction curves of rapid moving slides and 0.812 for prediction rate curves of slow to very slow moving slides, respectively. These values were much higher than those obtained by each expert. From the outcomes of the study it is clear that the produced landslide susceptibility maps could provide valuable information during landslide risk assessments at the Island of Lefkada.

Developing a landslide susceptibility map based on remote sensing, fuzzy logic and expert knowledge of the Island of Lefkada, Greece

The November 17th, 2015 Lefkada (Greece) strike-slip earthquake: Field mapping of generated failures and assessment of macroseismic intensity ESI-07

On Tuesday, November 17, 2015 at 07:10:07 (UTC) a strong earthquake struck Lefkas Island (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) with magnitude Mw 6.4, depth of about 6 km and epicenter located 20 km southwest of Lefkas town. It was felt in Lefkas Island and the surrounding region and caused the death of two people, the injury of eight others, many earthquake environmental effects (EEE) and damage to buildings and infrastructures. Secondary EEE were observed in western Lefkas and classified as ground cracks, slope movements and liquefaction phenomena. Primary effects directly linked to surface expression of seismogenic source were not detected in the field. The maximum intensity VIIIESI 2007 was assigned to large-volume slope movements along western coastal Lefkas. Damage to buildings was mainly observed in villages located in Dragano-Athani graben arranged almost parallel to the northern segment of the Cephalonia Transform Fault Zone (Lefkas segment). Among structures constructed with no seismic provisions, the stone masonry buildings and monumental structures suffered most damage, while the traditional buildings of the area with dual structural system performed relatively well and suffered minor damage. Reinforced-concrete buildings were affected not so much by the earthquake itself but by the generation of secondary EEE. The maximum seismic intensities VIIIEMS-98 were assigned to villages located in Dragano-Athani graben due to very heavy structural damage observed on masonry buildings mainly attributed to the combination of the recorded high PGA values, the poor antiseismic design and construction of buildings and the geological and tectonic structure of the affected area.

The 17 November 2015 Mw 6.4 Lefkas (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) Earthquake: Impact on Environment and Buildings

Based on neotectonic mapping, analysis of active deformation through tectonic data and the Coulomb stress changes caused by major earthquakes, the active faults in Lefkada Island were evaluated. Descriptions of historic and recent earthquakes were also taken into consideration as well as the seismotectonic data concerning the last strong seismic event of 2003. According to detailed field observations, among the active and neotectonic faults that have been identified, regarding seismic hazard, the most important can be considered the Athani fault. It is running parallel to and near the west coast and shows marked similarity with the northern branch of the offshore transform fault of Kefalonia-Lefkada. These two dextral strike-slip faults exhibit same structure and state of stress as well. Moreover, the Coulomb stress changes associated with the 2003 earthquake, well correlated with the spatial aftershock pattern, are positive in the area of the Athani fault. Attention has been also focused on the geologic hazard in relation to earthquake associated phenomena, such as surface rupturing, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction and tsunamis. The fact that surface deformation is repeated in an identical way during past and recent earthquakes provides a great advantage for the seismic protection of the island.

Evaluation of active faulting and earthquake secondary effects in Lefkada Island, Ionian Sea, Greece: an overview

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Evaluation of active faulting and earthquake secondary effects in Lefkada Island, Ionian Sea, Greece: an overview