Anti-bacterial chitosan/zinc phthalocyanine fibers supported metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles for the removal of organic pollutants

Efficient removal of dyes in water using chitosan microsphere supported cobalt (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine with H2O2.

New methods for water treatment are required as a result from an increasing awareness in the reduction of the pollution impact in the environment. In the perspective of the photo-oxidation of organic pollutants present in water, the principal incentive for the preparation of heterogeneous photocatalysts is their easy recovery from the reaction mixture, which allows their reuse in successive runs, minimizing the loss of their original photocatalytic properties. Different types of supports can be used in the immobilization of photoactive species, such as porphyrins (Pors) and phthalocyanines (Pcs). This mini-review will consider the different methodologies for the immobilization of Pors and Pcs and their photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of organic pollutants in water, addressing also their recycling ability in successive water treatments.

Photodegradation of organic pollutants in water by immobilized porphyrins and phthalocyanines

Iron species are one of the least toxic and least expensive substances that are photocatalytic in the visible region of the spectrum. Therefore, this article focuses on iron-based photocatalysts sensitive to visible light. Photo-Fenton reactions are considered with respect to those assisted by and involve the in situ production of H2O2. The possible role that photoactive iron species play by interacting with natural organic matter in water purification in the natural environment is considered. The review also considered photosensitization by phthalocyanines and the potential role that layered double hydroxides may have not only as catalyst supports but also as photosensitizers themselves. Finally, photocatalytic disinfection of water is discussed, and the desirability of standardized metrics and experimental conditions to assist in the comparative evaluation of photocatalysts is highlighted.

A review of iron species for visible-light photocatalytic water purification

Although semiconductor photocatalysis has been reported for more than 40 years, the spectral response is still focused on the region of UV-Visible and it is seldom extended to more than 600 nm. In this work, visible/near-IR-light-driven 2,9,16,23-tetranitrophthalocyanine iron (FeTNPc)/bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) organic-inorganic heterostructures have been synthesized by a two-step solvothermal method. The obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron and transmission microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and electrochemical measurements. The photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of methyl orange and bisphenol A solution can be significantly improved under visible/near-IR-light irradiation. Through detecting the main oxidative species by trapping experiments, the results show holes and ˙O2(-) radicals are majorly and minorly responsible for photodegradation respectively. What's more, the FeTNPc/BiOCl composite photocatalyst still retained the photocatalytic activity after three cycle measurements.

Visible/near-IR-light-driven TNFePc/BiOCl organic–inorganic heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Macrocyclic porphyrin-like compounds known as phthalocyanines (Pcs) have been shown to produce singlet oxygen species upon illumination with light of an appropriate wavelength. Singlet oxygen is an effective agent for complete oxidation of common water-soluble pollutants including chlorinated phenols. The most active are, in this respect, phthalocyanines bearing Al, Zn and Si central atoms. Although these compounds were proofed to be virtually non-toxic, the presence of the Al3+ and Zn2+ ions may contradict this. On the other hand e.g. iron phthalocyanine (FePc) does not represent any danger from this point of view. However, due to the specific coordination of its central metal ion and also because of the number of electrons occupying its valence orbitals, the FePc cannot be effectively activated by the photon flux. Here we report on an alternative system in the dark. It is based on the initial catalytic decomposition of various peroxo substances by metal Pc, producing oxidising species which can decompose chlorinated phenols. A series of Pcs and peroxo substances were compared and the reaction system optimised. It was shown that the highest activity was revealed for the system comprising of FePc and tert-butylhydroperoxide. Iron phthalocyanine was also successfully immobilised on an Al2O3 solid matrix, and this heterogeneous system was tested analogously to the homogeneous one. Virtually zero leaching of the anchored complex was detected and the activity was found to be comfortably high.

Environmentally friendly phthalocyanine catalysts for water decontamination—Non-photocatalytic systems

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Environmentally friendly phthalocyanine catalysts for water decontamination—Non-photocatalytic systems