Reducing combined sewer overflows by using outlet controls for Green Stormwater Infrastructure: Case study in Richmond, Virginia

Phosphorus and nitrogen removal from tertiary treated urban wastewaters by a vertical flow constructed wetland

Adapting urban stormwater drainage systems is essential to handling increased urbanization and climate change. Within an urban area, storage units are an efficient solution to reduce peak runoff, but their implementation involves complex decisions. This paper presents a novel optimization model for defining, in existing sewer drainage systems, the number of storage units, their location, size and the orifice dimensions. The orifice is used to reduce storage unit outflow regulating downstream flows. These components allow an integrated flow control and flooding reduction throughout the network. The desired solution should offer the lowest cost and try to avoid any major flooding impact. The model includes hydraulic, flood and capacity constraints and it is solved through a simulated annealing algorithm that calls upon a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulator for complete evaluation of each solution. The performance of the optimization model is assessed through a case study inspired by a real urban sewer network. A novel optimization model for location and sizing of storage units is proposed.Orifices are optimized to regulate the outflow from the storage units.The model aims to avoid flood throughout the entire network at a minimum expense.A simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the model.SWMM is used to evaluate the effects of each rainfall event on the drainage system.

/pdf/optimal-location-and-sizing-of-storage-units-in-a-drainage-3dh12f0fsq.pdf

Optimal location and sizing of storage units in a drainage system

Selection of rainfall information as input data for the design of combined sewer overflow solutions.

Measuring the impact of climate change on flood frequency is a complex and controversial task. Identifying hydrological changes is difficult given the factors, other than climate variability, which lead to significant variations in runoff series. The catchment filtering role is often overlooked and thus may hinder the correct identification of climate vari- ability signatures on hydrological processes. Does climate variability necessarily imply hydrological variability? This research aims to analytically derive the flood frequency dis- tribution based on realistic hypotheses about the rainfall pro- cess and the rainfall-runoff transformation. The annual max- imum peak flow probability distribution is analytically de- rived to quantify the filtering effect of the rainfall-runoff pro- cess on climate change. A sensitivity analysis is performed according to typical semi-arid Mediterranean climatic and hydrological conditions, assuming a simple but common scheme for the rainfall-runoff transformation in small-size ungauged catchments, i.e. the CN-SCS model. Variability in annual maximum peak flows and its statistical significance are analysed when changes in the climatic input are intro- duced. Results show that depending on changes in the an- nual number of rainfall events, the catchment filtering role is particularly significant, especially when the event rainfall volume distribution is not strongly skewed. Results largely depend on the return period: for large return periods, peak flow variability is significantly affected by the climatic input, while for lower return periods, infiltration processes smooth out the impact of climate change.

/pdf/climate-and-hydrological-variability-the-catchment-filtering-4mcqgheubq.pdf

Climate and hydrological variability: the catchment filtering role

Climate change effects on combined sewer systems efficiency is a great matter of concern. In fact, changes in rainfall regime could significantly affect combined sewer overflows (CSOs) into receiving water bodies. Given that CSOs are a significant source of pollution, a better understanding and modeling of climate change effects on urban drainage systems is a compelling requirement to support design of adaptation strategies. This paper aims at studying the resilience of storm water detention tanks efficiency with respect to changes in rainfall forcing. In detail, an analytical probabilistic model is proposed to assess overflow reduction efficiency and volumetric efficiency of detention tanks depending on behaviors of climate and urban catchment. Sensitivity of tank efficiencies is evaluated under assigned changes in rainfall forcing. Results show that resilience of storm tanks benefits from filtering of climate change effects operated by the urban catchment.

Efficiency of Storm Detention Tanks for Urban Drainage Systems under Climate Variability

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Efficiency of Storm Detention Tanks for Urban Drainage Systems under Climate Variability