I: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Metabolism of Taurine.- Possible Relationships Between Taurine Derivatives and Products of the Metabolism of Ketimines.- The Inhibitory Effects of Taurine on Protein Phosphorylation: Comparison of Various Characteristics of the Taurine-Affected Phosphoproteins Present in Rat Retina, Brain and Heart.- Effect of Photolytically Generated Riboflavin Radicals and Oxygen on Hypotaurine Antioxidant Free Radical Scavenging Activity.- Taurine Protects Against Oxidant-Induced Lung Injury: Possible Mechanism(s) of Action.- Sulphur Amino Acids and the Metabolic Response to Cytokines.- Expression and Regulation of the Taurine Transporter in Cultured Cell Lines of Human Origin.- Dietary Taurine Requirement of Cats Is Determined by Microbial Degradation of Taurine in the Gut.- Reactivity of Taurine with Aldehydes and its Physiological Role.- II: Taurine and the Liver.- Hepatic Regulation of Cysteine Utilization for Taurine Synthesis.- Immunohistochemical Localization of Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acids in the Liver of Mouse, Rat, Monkey and Human.- Effects of Taurine on Microsomal Enzyme Activities Involved in Liver Lipid Metabolism of Wistar Rats.- III: Taurine and the Kidney.- Inhibitors of Anion Exchanger Activity Reduce Sodium Chloride-Dependent Taurine Transport by Brush Border Vesicles.- Expression of Taurine Transporter and its Regulation by Diet in Xenopus laevis Oocytes Following Injection of Rat Kidney Cortex mRNA.- Regulation of Taurine Transport by External Taurine Concentration and Medium Osmolality in Renal Tubular Cells in Culture.- Role of Taurine in the Kidney: Osmoregulatory Taurine Accumulation in Renal Medulla.- Taurine and Experimental Kidney Disease.- Protecting Effect of Taurine Against Hypoxic Cell Damage in Renal Tubular Cells Cultured in Different Transplant Preservation Solutions.- IV: Taurine in Muscle and the Cardiovascular System.- Mechanisms Underlying Physiological and Pharmacological Actions of Taurine on Myocardial Calcium Transport.- Cardioprotective Actions of Taurine Against Intracellular and Extracellular Calcium-Induced Effects.- Antihypertensive Effect of Taurine on Salt-Induced Hypertension.- The Effect of Taurine on Blood Pressure, and Urinary Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Excretion.- Dual Effects of Taurine on Membrane Ionic Conductances of Rat Skeletal Muscle Fibers.- V: Taurine and the Nervous System.- New Data on the Regulation of Taurine Uptake in Cultured Nervous Cells.- Changes in the Localization of Taurine-Like Immunoreactivity During Development and Regeneration in the Rat Brain.- Transmitter and Electrical Stimulation of [3H]Taurine Release from Rat Sympathetic Ganglia.- Cysteine Sulfinate Decarboxylase in Brain: Identification, Characterization and Immunocytochemical Location in Astrocytes.- Relations of Taurine Release and Influx to Cell Volumes in Cerebral Cortical Slices.- Taurine Release from Mouse Hippocampal Slices: Effects of Glutamatergic Substances and Hypoxia.- Taurine Neurons in Rat Hippocampal Formation Are Relatively Inert to Cerebral Ischemia.- Calcium and Taurine Interaction in Mammalian Brain Metabolism.- Regulation of Protein Kinase C Activity by Taurine and ?-Alanine during Excitotoxicity in Cat and Mouse Cerebellar Cultures.- Volume Regulation in Cultured Neurons: Pivotal Role of Taurine.- Taurine as an Organic Osmolyte in the Intact Brain: Immunocytochemical and Biochemical Studies.- VI: Taurine Deficiency.- Alterations of Ventricular Contractility and Myofibril Loss in Taurine-Deficient Hearts.- Developmental Effects of Taurine Depletion on Synaptosomal Phospholipids in the Rat.- Taurine Depletion and Synaptosomal Phospholipid Content in Cat Brain.- Cell Volume Regulation in Taurine Deficient Cultured Astrocytes.- Feline Maternal Taurine Deficiency: Effects on Visual Cortex of the Offspring. A Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study.- Effects of Postnatal Taurine Deprivation on Visual Cortex Development in Rhesus Monkeys Through One Year of Age.- The Role of Taurine in Mammalian Hearing.- VII: Taurine - Clinical Studies.- The Plasma Concentration and Renal Handling of Taurine in Healthy Children and in Pediatric Patients with Disturbed Sulfur Metabolism.- Breast Milk Taurine and Its Possible Influence on the Development of Breast Milk Induced Jaundice in the Neonate - A Hypothesis.- Taurine in the Newborn and Infant Undergoing Surgery.- Taurine and the Lung: Pharmacological Intervention by Aerosol Route.- Taurine Levels in Plasma and Platelets in Insulin-Dependent and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Correlation with Platelet Aggregation.- Long-Term Effect of Taurine in Congestive Heart Failure: Preliminary Report.- Neuroactive Amino Acids in Synaptosomes from Focal and Nonfocal Temporal Lobe Tissue of Patients with Intractable Complex Partial Seizures.- Participants.

Taurine in health and disease

1. Taurine has recently been known to protect against ischemia and heart failure. Taurine possesses plenty of actions on the ion channels and transports, but is very non-specific. 2. Taurine may directly and indirectly help to regulate the [Ca]i level by modulating the activity of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (also dependent on [Ca]i/[Ca]o), by regulation of Na+ channels, and secondly via Na-Ca exchange and Na(+)-taurine cotransport. 3. Taurine can prevent the Ca2+ ([Ca]o or [Ca]i)-induced cardiac functions. 4. Therefore, it seems possible that taurine could exert the potent cardioprotective actions even under the condition of low [Ca]i levels as well as under the Ca2+ overload condition. 5. The electrophysiological actions of taurine on cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and neurons from recent studies are summarized.

Review of some actions of taurine on ion channels of cardiac muscle cells and others

The amino acid, taurine, is an important nutrient found in very high concentration in excitable tissue. Cellular depletion of taurine has been linked to developmental defects, retinal damage, immundeficiency, impaired cellular growth and the development of a cardiomyopathy. These findings have encouraged the use of taurine in infant formula, nutritional supplements and energy promoting drinks. Nonetheless, the use of taurine as a drug to treat specific diseases has been limited. One disease that responds favorably to taurine therapy is congestive heart failure. In this review, we discuss three mechanisms that might underlie the beneficial effect of taurine in heart failure. First, taurine promotes natriuresis and diuresis, presumably through its osmoregulatory activity in the kidney, its modulation of atrial natriuretic factor secretion and its putative regulation of vasopressin release. However, it remains to be determined whether taurine treatment promotes salt and water excretion in humans with heart failure. Second, taurine mediates a modest positive inotropic effect by regulating [Na+]i and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger flux. Although this effect of taurine has not been examined in human tissue, it is significant that it bypasses the major calcium transport defects found in the failing human heart. Third, taurine attenuates the actions of angiotensin II on Ca2+ transport, protein synthesis and angiotensin II signaling. Through this mechanism taurine would be expected to minimize many of the adverse actions of angiotensin II, including the induction of cardiac hypertrophy, volume overload and myocardial remodeling. Since the ACE inhibitors are the mainstay in the treatment of congestive heart failure, this action of taurine is probably very important.

Interaction between the actions of taurine and angiotensin II.

Summary. The amino acid, taurine, is an important nutrient found in very high concentration in excitable tissue. Cellular depletion of taurine has been linked to developmental defects, retinal damage, immundeficiency, impaired cellular growth and the development of a cardiomyopathy. These findings have encouraged the use of taurine in infant formula, nutritional supplements and energy promoting drinks. Nonetheless, the use of taurine as a drug to treat specific diseases has been limited. One disease that responds favorably to taurine therapy is congestive heart failure. In this review, we discuss three mechanisms that might underlie the beneficial effect of taurine in heart failure. First, taurine promotes natriuresis and diuresis, presumably through its osmoregulatory activity in the kidney, its modulation of atrial natriuretic factor secretion and its putative regulation of vasopressin release. However, it remains to be determined whether taurine treatment promotes salt and water excretion in humans with heart failure. Second, taurine mediates a modest positive inotropic effect by regulating [Na 1 ] i and Na 1 /Ca 21 exchanger flux. Although this effect of taurine has not been examined in human tissue, it is significant that it bypasses the major calcium transport defects found in the failing human heart. Third, taurine attenuates the actions of angiotensin II on Ca 21 transport, protein synthesis and angiotensin II signaling. Through this mechanism taurine would be expected to minimize many of the adverse actions of angiotensin II, including the induction of cardiac hypertrophy, volume overload and myocardial remodeling. Since the ACE inhibitors are the mainstay in the treatment of congestive heart failure, this action of taurine is probably very important.

Interaction between the actions of taurine and angiotensin II* Review Article

Taurine modulates ion influx through cardiac Ca2+ channels

Taurine has been reported to induce a positive inotropy in heart muscle [1–3]. Taurine was also reported to exhibit beneficial effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure [4], and to have protective effects against calcium overload [5,6] and cardiomyopathy [7,8]. Recently, Sperelakis and colleagues reported that taurine also exerts a positive inotropic effect in the perfused embryonic (20-day-old) chick heart, without greatly affecting the slow Ca2+ action potentials accompanying the contractions. They suggested that the positive inotropic effect of taurine was not mediated through an increase in the slow inward Ca2+ current.

Taurine Effects on Action Potentials and Ionic Currents in Chick Myocardial Cells

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Taurine Effects on Action Potentials and Ionic Currents in Chick Myocardial Cells