The current work aimed to develop a cultivation method for macroalgae that can be applicable and economically profitable in the Atlantic Ocean. An offshore long-line macroalgal cultivation rig was designed by Ocean Rainforest Sp/f, tested in the Faroe Islands from 2010, and found suitable for cultivation in exposed and deep-water locations (water depth > 50 m). The economic risk related to lost cultivation structures was hereafter considered to be low. Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta were cultivated in commercial scale (5 km of growth lines). A high cost of seeding material and cost of deployment was reduced by testing multiple partial harvesting. Four non-destructive harvests were carried out in a two-year growth period without re-seeding of lines. In total, 3.2 t dry weight (dw) biomass was harvested and sold to customers within the food and cosmetic industries. The productivity was 1437.5 kg dw ha−1 yr−1 (including handling space). The 10-meter vertical growth lines had an average yield of 0.29 kg dw m−1 per harvest and four partial harvests were made over a 2-year period. An economic analysis showing the cost structure of important aspects of offshore macroalgae cultivation was conducted. The total cost per kg dw of cultivated S. latissima decreased when the number of possible harvests without re-seeding was increased (from € 36.73 to € 9.27). This work has demonstrated that large-scale kelp cultivation is possible using multiple partial harvesting in the Faroe Islands, and highlighted the need for further innovation to lower the cost per unit macroalgal produced.

/pdf/production-method-and-cost-of-commercial-scale-offshore-4pgske7uwe.pdf

Production method and cost of commercial-scale offshore cultivation of kelp in the Faroe Islands using multiple partial harvesting

Studies of patterns in assemblages of epiphytic macroalgae growing on seagrasses have largely focussed at the scale of leaves or shoots. Few have examined patterns at larger spatial scales or the influence of host seagrass type on these patterns, despite interest in monitoring changes in epiphyte composition that can lead to the death of seagrasses. We studied spatial pat- terns in assemblages of epiphytic macroalgae on 2 seagrass species with different morphologies and longevity, Amphibolis griffithii and Posidonia coriacea, which co-occur on Success Bank, West- ern Australia. Epiphyte assemblages were described for each species at a hierarchy of spatial scales (sites separated by 10s, 100s and 1000s m) in summer and winter. At all locations and at both times, A. griffithii supported a higher species richness. A total of 91 taxa were recorded on A. griffithii and 70 on P. coriacea. Both seagrass species showed strong temporal patterns in their epiphyte macro- algal assemblages, but this was stronger in P. coriacea. For A. griffithii spatial variation was the dominant pattern. Epiphyte assemblages of the 2 seagrasses displayed striking differences in pat- terns of dissimilarity at different spatial scales. For A. griffithii, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (D) among pairs of samples progressively increased with increasing spatial scale (D = 0.31, 0.37 and 0.47 at scales of 10s, 100s and 1000s m, respectively). For P. coriacea, the differences among samples sepa- rated by 10s m or 100s m were relatively small (0.29 and 0.32, respectively), but the differences among samples 1000s m apart were much greater (0.52). We suggest that the differences in spatial and temporal patterns between species of seagrass may reflect an interaction of timescales of seagrass longevity with timescales of algal reproductive biology and the dispersal ranges of algal propagules. Due to the high turnover of P. coriacea leaves, the assemblages present at any given time are strongly influenced by recent recruitment events. The epiphytic assemblage of long-lived A. griffithii integrates a much longer period of recruitment, so that recent events may produce comparatively smaller shifts in composition. The longevity of A. griffithii may also permit local reinforcement of existing assemblages, so that differences in assemblage structure increase with spatial scale. The high turnover of P. coriacea leaves results in less opportunity for an assemblage to reinforce its presence, so patterns at the smaller scales are comparatively weaker. Strong patterns across km are more likely to be the result of environmental gradients. Patchiness within these gradients leads to complex, many layered spatial patterns.

/pdf/a-comparison-of-spatial-and-temporal-patterns-in-epiphytic-5av0cffx99.pdf

A comparison of spatial and temporal patterns in epiphytic macroalgal assemblages of the seagrasses Amphibolis griffithii and Posidonia coriacea

This study identified the most common epiphytes infecting the algal host Gracilaria chilensis on a farm in northern Chile. Simultaneously, the types of host–epiphyte interfaces were characterized and their relative abundance and temporal variability were monitored. Five types of anatomical relationships were detected. Infection type I included the epiphytes weakly attached to the surface of the host and not associated with damage of host tissues (i.e. Hincksia mitchelliae, H. granulosa and Ectocarpus acutus). Infection type II included those epiphytes strongly attached to the surface of the host but not associated with any host tissue damage (i.e. Acrochaetium sp., Antithamnionella sp. and Colpomenia sinuosa). Infection type III included all the epiphytes that penetrated the outer layer of the host wall without damaging its cortical cells (i.e. Xenococcus sp. and Sahlingia subintegra). Infection type IV included epiphytes penetrating deep into the host cell wall, disorganizing the cortical tissue (i.e. Ul...

Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmed Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) in northern Chile

The macroalgal assemblages at the low intertidal zone were studied at three localities on the north coast of Spain between 1977 and 2002 Two of these localities were invaded at the end of the 1980s by the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Phaeophyta, Sargassaceae), whereas the third locality remained free of the invader In 2002, distinct algal assemblages were noticed in invaded and noninvaded localities No major changes were detected in the noninvaded locality Apart from the obvious presence of S muticum, the changes observed in the invaded localities included a significant reduction in abundance of the previous dominant species (the red alga Gelidium spinosum (S G Gmelin) P C Silva) as well as an increased number of species and diversity, increased primary productivity, and variations in the seasonal abundance patterns of some species We speculate that the arrival of S muticum had a negative effect on the dominant native G spinosum, probably related to competition for light This resulted in indirect positive effects on other species of the assemblage (such as Bifurcaria bifurcata R Ross) Other small epiphytic opportunistic species might also have been benefited from the presence of S muticum, because the invader has a rich associated epiphytic assemblage

Long‐term changes in the structure of intertidal assemblages after invasion by sargassum muticum (phaeophyta)1

The kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima are economically valuable edible seaweeds. Although epiphytism is a major problem affecting the productivity and quality of farmed seaweeds, studies of its effects on kelp aquaculture are scarce. We investigated the effects of epiphytism in two U. pinnatifida and S. latissima culture grounds located in two different parts (exposed and sheltered) of a bay (ria) in Galicia (NW Spain). Epiphytic organisms on blades were identified and their abundance was documented. The percentage of the total blade covered with epiphytes was measured for both kelp species in order to estimate the blade biomass that must be discarded during processing for human consumption. Algae, hydroids, and crustaceans were the most common epiphytic organism on kelp blades; colonies of the hydroid Obelia geniculata and harpacticoid copepods were the most abundant epiphytes. Abundance of epiphytes on the blades of both kelps was significantly higher for fronds growing in the sheltered area of the bay compared to those farmed at the exposed location. Different environmental conditions and other factors, such as the proximity of mussel cultures to kelp cultures, may be important contributors to epiphytism. The results presented here can be used to devise better ways for kelp aquaculture facilities to diminish the negative effects of epiphytism.

Epiphytism on Blades of the Edible Kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima Farmed under Different Abiotic Conditions

Etude de la composition des communautes epiphytes de trois macroalgues intertidales, Fucus vesiculosus, Gelidium latifolium et Cystoseira baccata des cotes rocheuses du nord de l'Espagne. La repartition des principaux epiphytes sur les differentes parties de l'hote et les variations saisonnieres de leur abondance sont plus particulierement abordees

Composition, Distribution on Host, and Seasonality of Epiphytes on Three Intertidal Algae

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Composition, Distribution on Host, and Seasonality of Epiphytes on Three Intertidal Algae