The Single-Stranded DNA Phages. Edited By D.T. Denhardt, D. Dressler and D.S. Ray. Pp.720. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1979.) $49.

/pdf/single-stranded-dna-phages-4bba0jj5my.pdf

Single-stranded DNA phages

Biogenesis of E. coli Pap pili: PapH, a minor pilin subunit involved in cell anchoring and length modulation

Bacteriophage (“bacteria eaters”) or phage is the collective term for viruses that infect bacteria. While most phages are pathogens that kill their bacterial hosts, the filamentous phages of the sub‐class Inoviridae live in cooperative relationships with their bacterial hosts, akin to the principal behaviours found in the modern‐day sharing economy: peer‐to‐peer support, to offset any burden. Filamentous phages impose very little burden on bacteria and offset this by providing service to help build better biofilms, or provision of toxins and other factors that increase virulence, or modified behaviours that provide novel motile activity to their bacterial hosts. Past, present and future biotechnology applications have been built on this phage–host cooperativity, including DNA sequencing technology, tools for genetic engineering and molecular analysis of gene expression and protein production, and phage‐display technologies for screening protein–ligand and protein–protein interactions. With the explosion of genome and metagenome sequencing surveys around the world, we are coming to realize that our knowledge of filamentous phage diversity remains at a tip‐of‐the‐iceberg stage, promising that new biology and biotechnology are soon to come.

https://www.embopress.org/doi/epdf/10.15252/embr.201847427

Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy.

Three-dimensional structure of a cloning vector. X-ray diffraction studies of filamentous bacteriophage M13 at 7 A resolution.

Roles of pIII in filamentous phage assembly.

The major (gene VIII) coat protein of bacteriophage fd was radiolabelled by treating the virus with methyl[3H]acetimidate without causing any loss of infectivity. Complete amidination of lysine-8 in the amino acid sequence of the protein was achieved but little or no modification of the lysine residues near the C terminus was observed. This supports the assumption that the coat protein is oriented in the viral filament with its N terminus on the outside and its C-terminal region abutting the DNA. Escherichia coli was co-infected with radiolabelled bacteriophage and with unlabelled miniphage, a shorter defective form of phage fd. Radiolabel was detected in the progeny miniphage, proving that individual coat protein subunits can be recycled and assembled onto progeny miniphage DNA. About 35% of the coat protein subunits of phage particles infecting E. coli were recycled in 1 h. These facts support a model of the assembly and disassembly of the virion at the bacterial membrane in which the end of the particle containing the minor adsorption (gene III) protein, which is presumably the first to disassemble during infection, is the last to assemble during morphogenesis.

https://www.embopress.org/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01638.x

Chemical modification of the coat protein in bacteriophage fd and orientation of the virion during assembly and disassembly.

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Chemical modification of the coat protein in bacteriophage fd and orientation of the virion during assembly and disassembly.