The CMS apparatus was identified, a few years before the start of the LHC operation at CERN, to feature properties well suited to particle-flow (PF) reconstruction: a highly-segmented tracker, a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter, a hermetic hadron calorimeter, a strong magnetic field, and an excellent muon spectrometer. A fully-fledged PF reconstruction algorithm tuned to the CMS detector was therefore developed and has been consistently used in physics analyses for the first time at a hadron collider. For each collision, the comprehensive list of final-state particles identified and reconstructed by the algorithm provides a global event description that leads to unprecedented CMS performance for jet and hadronic τ decay reconstruction, missing transverse momentum determination, and electron and muon identification. This approach also allows particles from pileup interactions to be identified and enables efficient pileup mitigation methods. The data collected by CMS at a centre-of-mass energy of 8\TeV show excellent agreement with the simulation and confirm the superior PF performance at least up to an average of 20 pileup interactions.

/pdf/particle-flow-reconstruction-and-global-event-description-3fl8bjqsms.pdf

Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector

The CMS detector is designed around a large 4 T superconducting solenoid, enclosed in a 12000-tonne steel return yoke. A detailed map of the magnetic field is required for the accurate simulation and reconstruction of physics events in the CMS detector, not only in the inner tracking region inside the solenoid but also in the large and complex structure of the steel yoke, which is instrumented with muon chambers. Using a large sample of cosmic muon events collected by CMS in 2008, the field in the steel of the barrel yoke has been determined with a precision of 3 to 8% depending on the location.

/pdf/precise-mapping-of-the-magnetic-field-in-the-cms-barrel-yoke-k7fyc0m8c2.pdf

Precise Mapping of the Magnetic Field in the CMS Barrel Yoke using Cosmic Rays

CMS (compact muon solenoid) is a general-purpose detector designed to run at the highest luminosity at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Its distinctive features include a 4 T superconducting solenoid with 6 m diameter by 12.5 m long free bore, enclosed inside a 10,000-ton return yoke. The stored magnetic energy is 2.6 GJ. The magnet is being assembled in a surface hall and will be tested at the beginning of 2005 before being transferred to an experimental hall 90 m below ground level. The design and construction of the magnet is a common project of the CMS Collaboration. The task is organized by a CERN based group with strong technical and contractual participation of CEA Saclay, ETH Zurich, Fermilab, INFN Genova, ITEP Moscow, University of Wisconsin and CERN. The return yoke, 21 m long and 14 m in diameter, is equivalent to a thickness of 1.5 m of saturated iron interleaved with four muon stations. Manufacture of the yoke and vacuum tank is completed and the first sub-detectors have been installed. The indirectly-cooled, pure-aluminum-stabilized coil is made up from five modules internally wound with four layers of a 20 kA mechanically-reinforced conductor. The manufacture of the conductor is completed and winding is in progress for a final assembly in 2004. All ancillaries are delivered or under contract. The magnet project is described, with emphasis on the present status of the fabrication.

/pdf/status-of-the-construction-of-the-cms-magnet-3lwkcxd0xq.pdf

Status of the construction of the CMS magnet

The 4-tesla, 6 m free bore CMS solenoid has been successfully tested, operated and mapped at CERN during the autumn of 2006 in a surface hall and fully recommissioned in the underground experimental area in the autumn of 2008. The conceptual design started in 1990, the R&D studies in 1993, and the construction was approved in 1997. At the time the main parameters of this project were considered beyond what was thought possible as, in particular, the total stored magnetic energy reaches 2.6 GJ for a specific magnetic energy density exceeding 11 kJ/kg of cold mass. During this period, the international design and construction team had to make several important technical choices, particularly mechanical ones, to maximize the chances of reaching the nominal induction of 4 T. These design choices are explained and critically reviewed in the light of what is presently known to determine if better solutions would be possible today for constructing a new large high-field thin solenoid for a future detector magnet.

Constructing a 4-Tesla Large Thin Solenoid at the Limit of what can BE Safely Operated

New Track Seeding Techniques for the CMS Experiment

CMS, the magnet project: Technical design report

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CMS, the magnet project: Technical design report