Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey)

Maternal Antibody Transfer from Dams to Their Egg Yolks, Egg Whites, and Chicks in Meat Lines of Chickens

Rates of urbanisation and the resiliency of air and water quality.

Poultry production at all scales of operation is wholly dependent on the supply of day-old chicks. Fertility and hatchability are two major parameters that highly influence the supply of day-old chicks. Fertility refers to the percentage of incubated eggs that are fertile while hatchability is the percentage of fertile eggs that hatch. It is therefore important to understand the factors that influence fertility and hatchability of eggs. For the hatchability traits, breed has little effect on hatchability of poultry eggs, although light breeds have been reported to have higher fertility and hatchability. The diet of breeder poultry should be adequate in both quality and quantity to meet the recommended levels set out in the feed standards for the category. The most influential egg parameters that influence hatchability are: weight, shell thickness and porosity, shape index (described as maximum breadth to length ratio) and the consistency of the contents. Heat stress reduces the external and internal egg qualities. Heat stress affects all phases of semen production in breeder cocks. Hatchability for small eggs is lower compared to that of medium and large eggs. There are many factors contributing to the failure of a fertile egg to hatch which include lethal genes, insufficient nutrients in the egg and exposure to conditions that do not meet the needs of the developing embryo. Breeder factors that affect hatchability include strain, health, nutrition and age of the flock, egg size, weight and quality, egg storage duration and conditions. The optimum temperature range for poultry is 12-26 C. Fertile eggs should not be o stored for more than 10-14 days, after 14 days of storage; hatchability begins to decline significantly. The position (large end up or vice versa) of egg storage influences hatchability. Eggs stored with the small end up have higher hatchability as compared to the large end up. Incubation of fertile eggs can be done naturally by a broody hen or in an incubator. The broody hen provides the fertile eggs with optimum environmental conditions (temperature, egg turning and humidity) to stimulate embryonic development until hatching. The incubator is a simulated artificial design that mimics the broody hen's role of providing fertile eggs with optimum environmental conditions (temperature, egg turning and humidity) to stimulate embryonic development until hatching. A constant incubation temperature of 37.8 C is the thermal homeostasis in the o

Review of the Factors That Influence Egg Fertility and Hatchabilty in Poultry

River Hindon is a major source of water to the highly populated and predominantly rural population of western Uttar Pradesh, India. The main goal of the present study was to assess the impact of urban and industrial activities on the water quality of river Hindon at the Ghaziabad. For this, river water samples were collected from six different sites all along the route of Hindon main streamline and its branch and were analyzed for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH) and calcium hardness (Ca-H), chemical oxygen (COD) demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (D.O.), sulphate (as SO4
 2 − ), nitrate (as NO3
  − ) and chloride (Cl − ) levels. There were drastic variations for EC (0.83–5.04 ms), turbidity (28.7–109.3 NTU), TDS (222.2–2426.3 mg l − 1), SO4 (36.4–162.4 mg l − 1), NO3 (106–245 mg l − 1), TA (347.0–596.3 mg l − 1), TH (235.1–459.9 mg l − 1), Ca–H (64.5–402.2 mg l − 1), BOD (27–51 mg l − 1) and COD (85.0–337.4 mg l − 1) levels at different sites. Water pollution indicating parameters were manifold higher than the prescribed limit by the National Pollution Control Agency, i.e. CPCB. This is the first study on itself and the interrelationship of human activities and river water quality makes the study significant and interesting to assess the pollution load discharges in catchments of Hindon at Ghaziabad. Overall, the water quality of Hindon was relatively poor with respect to its use for domestic purposes.

Water quality assessment of river Hindon at Ghaziabad, India: impact of industrial and urban wastewater

Surma River is polluted day by day by human activities, poor structured sewerage and drainage system, discharging industrial and household wastes. The charas (natural channels) are responsible for surface runoff conveyance from its urban catchments to the receiving Surma River. Water samples have been collected from a part of Surma River along different points and analyzed for various water quality parameters during dry and monsoon periods. Effects of industrial wastes, municipal sewage, and agricultural runoff on river water quality have been investigated. The study was conducted within the Chattak to Sunamganj portion of Surma River, which is significant due to the presence of two major industries ’a paper mill and a cement factory. The other significant feature is the conveyors that travel from India to Chattak. The river was found to be highly turbid in the monsoon season. But BOD and fecal coliform concentration was found higher in the dry season. The water was found slightly acidic. The mean values of parameters were Conductivity 84’05 μs; DO: dry-5.52 mg/l, monsoon-5.72 mg/l; BOD: dry-1mg/l, monsoon-0.878 mg/l; Total Solid: dry-149.4 mg/l, monsoon-145.7 mg/l. In this study, an effort has been taken to investigate the status of concentration of phosphate (PO−) and ammonia–nitrogen (NH4–N) at four entrance points of Malnichara to the city, Guali chara, Gaviar khal and Bolramer khal. Data has been collected from March–April and September–October of 2004. Concentrations have been measured using UV Spectrophotometer. Although the phosphate concentration has been found within the limit set by DOE for fishing, irrigation and recreational purposes, however ammonia–nitrogen has been found to exceed the limit.

Deterioration of water quality of Surma river

An attempt has been undertaken to evaluate the humoral immunity against Newcastle disease in vaccinated chickens. Two different vaccination schedules were followed in 4000 Bovans White chickens (2000 in each treatment) with the history of ND vaccination in parent stock. The mean HI antibody titres of control groups of Treatment-1 and Treatment-2 revealed day-1 (285.51 and 289.43), day-5 (145.74 and 143.78), day-10 (73.58 and 71.47), day-15 (34.44 and 34.52) and day-20 (18.65 and 17.14) respectively. Birds of treatment-1 were vaccinated at 10 and 24 days old with live ND clone-30 vaccine and at 31 (half dose) and 120 (full dose) days old with oil adjuvant inactivated vaccine. Birds of treatment-2 were vaccinated at 10, 24 and 60 days old with live ND clone-30 vaccine and at 120 days old with oil adjuvant inactivated vaccine (full dose). The mean HI antibody titres for vaccinated groups of Treatment-1 and Treatment-2 revealed at day-10 (69.71 and 70.39), day-24 (19.73 and 24.34), day-31 (57.85 and 53.72), day-60 (251.52 and 76.34), day-120 (50.30 and 26.28) and day-150 (442.71 and 371.80) respectively. Vaccination program used in Treatment-1 gave better humoral immune response than in Treatment-2.

Evaluation of Maternal and Humoral Immunity against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken

/pdf/prevalence-of-poultry-diseases-in-bangladesh-51ezf73aq6.pdf

Prevalence of Poultry Diseases in Bangladesh

A study of the water quality conditions of Sylhet city of Bangladesh and its restaurants was carried out to assess risks to human health. The investigation was based on questionnaire survey of restaurants and laboratory tests on water samples obtained from the restaurants, tube wells of the city and Surma River the two main sources of water supply to the city. The test parameters were dissolved oxygen; conductance, hardness, pH, temperature, turbidity, essential and trace elements, dissolved and suspended solids and coliform bacteria. The quality of sanitary facilities and handling of food in the restaurants were also examined. It was found that the drinking water of each restaurant was contaminated with fecal coliforms and 25% restaurants had unsafe levels of iron in the water supply. Improper solid waste dumping was found as one of the reasons of groundwater pollution. Statistical analysis based on Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed significant correlation between the extent of groundwater pollution and dumping of solid waste effluents in the immediate vicinity of ground water (tube wells). It was observed that 75.69% (coefficient of determination r 2 = 0.7569) variation in the value of groundwater near the dumping place showed association with variation in the value of water quality within the dumping place. Health risk score for coliform bacteria was 1,474.77, indicating high risk. The results of the study help in enhancing awareness of health hazards of contaminated food among the consumers as well as in drawing attention of health regulatory authorities.

/pdf/study-of-water-quality-of-sylhet-city-and-its-restaurants-49hcia2888.pdf

Study of water quality of sylhet city and its restaurants: health associated risk assessment

Batch study for sorption of 2,4-D and phenol on waste tyre rubber granules (WTRG) were carried out for checking feasibility of rubber granules as adsorbent. After 100 minutes of reaction time, it was evident that the kinetics profiles gradually became horizontal indicating the final equilibrium. The removal of 2,4-D and phenol beyond 120 was very low. The removal was 83.2% and 87% in 2hr at 0.75mg/l and 0.4mg/l, respectively for 2,4-D. The removal was 53.2% and 58.7% in 2hr at 0.75 mg/l and 0.4mg/l, respectively for phenol. It is clear from the analysis that Freundlich model fitted well with the experimental data and predicted amount of absorbed well in bi-solute.

Study and simulation of competitive sorption of 2,4-d and phenol on waste tyre rubber granules

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