High temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has prospect and potential to generate electricity from fossil fuels with high efficiency and very low greenhouse gas emissions as compared to traditional thermal power plants. In the last 10 years, there has been significant progress in the materials development and stack technologies in SOFC. The objective of this paper is to review the development of anode materials in SOFC from the viewpoint of materials microstructure and performance associated with the fabrication and optimization processes. Latest development and achievement in the Ni/Y2O3-ZrO2 (Ni/YSZ) cermet anodes, alternative and conducting oxide anodes and anode-supported substrate materials are presented. Challenges and research trends based on the fundamental understanding of the materials science and engineering for the anode development for the commercially viable SOFC technologies are discussed.

A review of anode materials development in solid oxide fuel cells

Fundamental mechanisms limiting solid oxide fuel cell durability

▪ Abstract Several recent experimental and numerical investigations have contributed to the improved understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms taking place at solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes and yielded valuable information on the relationships between alterable parameters (geometry/material) and the cathodic polarization resistance. Efforts to reduce the polarization resistance in SOFCs can benefit from these results, and some important aspects of the corresponding studies are reviewed. Experimental results, particularly measurements using geometrically well-defined Sr-doped LaMnO3 (LSM) cathodes, are discussed. In regard to simulations, the different levels of sophistication used in SOFC electrode modeling studies are summarized and compared. Exemplary simulations of mixed conducting cathodes that show the capabilities and limits of different modeling levels are described.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes: Polarization Mechanisms and Modeling of the Electrochemical Performance

In recent times, synthesis, development and fabrication of anode component of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have gained a significant importance, especially after the advent of anode supported SOFC. The function of the anode electrode involves the facilitation of fuel gas diffusion, oxidation of the fuel, transport of electrons and transport of by-product of the electrochemical reaction. Although impressive progress has been made in the development of alternative anode materials with mixed conducting properties and few of the other composite cermets, Ni/YSZ continues to be the most sought after anode for high temperature SOFC applications. Despite of its poor carburization and sulfidation capabilities during the operation of SOFC directly on hydrocarbons, Ni/YSZ continues to be the most opted anode electrode material due to its high catalytic activity for hydrogen oxidation, methane reforming, high electronic and ionic conductivity and stability. Present review focuses on the various aspects pertaining to Ni/YSZ as an anode in SOFC. Various factors that influence the ohmic, activation and the concentration polarization contribution of anode while using Ni/YSZ are discussed. Importance of optimizing the composition, microstructure and porosity to minimize the above mentioned polarizations are discussed extensively. Various synthesis methods that are used in the preparation of optimized NiO/YSZ composite powder and the methods that are adopted to fabricate anode component are provided in detail in the article. Information on Ni/YSZ anode failure and strategies to improve the long term stability are also discussed exhaustively. Parameters that influence the carburization and sulfidation of Ni/YSZ while using hydrocarbons as fuel are elaborated in this article and means to minimize the same are also discussed.

Properties and development of Ni/YSZ as an anode material in solid oxide fuel cell: A review

A resistor network model is developed for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) composite anodes, in which solid electrolyte grains, metal particles, and pores are considered on the same footing. The model is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation on a face-centered cubic lattice, with a random distribution of the three components over the lattice sites. The concept of active bonds is used; the bond between a metal and an electrolyte site is conductive (reaction-active) if the sites belong to clusters connected to the solid-electrolyte membrane or metal current collector, respectively, and if the bond has at least one neighbor site which is a part of a pore cluster connected with the fuel supplying gas channels. Active bonds are characterized by an elementary reaction resistance, inactive bonds are blocking. The total inner resistance of the anode is calculated as a function of composition and the elementary reaction resistance, R{sub r}, vs. ion transport resistance, R{sub e} (of a bond between two solid-electrolyte grains). Compositions which provide the lowest inner resistance for a given R{sub r}/R{sub e} ratio are revealed. Across-the-sample distribution of the current through the three-phase boundary is investigated. The higher the R{sub r}/R{sub e} ratio, the larger areas ofmore » the three-phase boundary are used; however, if the ratio is low, the reaction occurs only very close to the anode/membrane interface to avoid ion transport limitations. A scaling law for the reaction penetration depth in side the anode, N{sub f} {proportional_to} (R{sub r}/R{sub e}){sup {beta}} (where {beta} {le} 0.5) is suggested in accordance with the Monte Carlo results. In line with the existing experimental data, the simulation and scaling estimates reveal the interplay between the reaction penetration depth and the anode thickness, which determines the thickness effect on the inner resistance.« less

Correlated Resistor Network Study of Porous Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes

The stage after the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT) has a key function inside the Burrows–Wheeler compression algorithm as it transforms the BWT output from a local context into a global context. This paper presents the Incremental Frequency Count stage, a post-BWT stage. The new stage is paired with a run length encoding stage between the BWT and the entropy coding stage of the algorithm. It offers high throughput similar to a Move To Front stage, and at the same time good compression rates like the strong but slow Weighted Frequency Count stage. The properties of the Incremental Frequency Count stage are compared to the Move To Front and Weighted Frequency Count stages by their compression rates and speeds on the Calgary and large Canterbury corpora. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Incremental frequency count—a post BWT-stage for the Burrows–Wheeler compression algorithm

The increasing number of digital imaging modalities results in data volumes of several Tera Bytes per year that must be 
transferred and archived in a common-sized hospital. Hence, data compression is an important issue for picture 
archiving and communication systems (PACS). The effect of lossy image compression is frequently analyzed with 
respect to images from a certain modality supporting a certain diagnosis. However, novel compression schemes have 
been developed recently allowing efficient but lossless compression. 
In this study, we compare the lossless compression schemes embedded in the tagged image file format (TIFF), graphics 
interchange format (GIF), and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG 2000 II) with the Borrows-Wheeler 
compression algorithm (BWCA) with respect to image content and origin. Repeated measures ANOVA was based on 
1.200 images in total. 
Statistically significant effects (p < 0,0001) of compression scheme, image content, and image origin were found. Best 
mean compression factor of 3.5 (2.272 bpp) is obtained applying BTW to secondarily digitized radiographs of the head, 
while the lowest factor of 1,05 (7.587 bpp) resulted from the TIFF packbits algorithm applied to pelvis images captured 
digitally. Over all, the BWCA is slightly but significantly more effective than JPEG 2000. Both compression schemes 
reduce the required bits per pixel (bpp) below 3. Also, secondarily digitized images are more compressible than the 
directly digital ones. Interestingly, JPEG outperforms BWCA for directly digital images regardless of image content, 
while BWCA performs better than JPEG on secondarily digitized radiographs. In conclusion, efficient lossless image 
compression schemes are available for PACS.

/pdf/the-impact-of-lossless-image-compression-to-radiographs-4s604twj8e.pdf

The impact of lossless image compression to radiographs

In this paper, we describe one solution to the two-user Slepian-Wolf problem in a certain part of the achievable region using fountain codes. Symmetric case of memoryless compression of two correlated sources is considered and modeled by a BSC channel. The compression is done by two separate compressors without any exchange of information between them. The decompressor uses a Belief propagation algorithm in conjunction with the Blind Iterative Doping strategy. Simulation results indicate performance close to the Slepian-Wolf limit.

Fountain Codes for the Slepian-Wolf Problem

A random-network model of a dense (pore-free) metal-solid-electrolyte composite is developed. Real and imaginary parts of admittance are simulated as a function of frequency and composition by means of the tra nsfer matrix algorithm on a cubic lattice. For a composite without a solid-electrolyte membrane in the middle (insulating with respect to electronic current) the results predict the capacity maximum at the percolation threshold in three dimensions and two maxima in two dimensions as a function of composition; they are compared with the predictions of the effective medium theory. For a composite with an insulating membrane in the middle, typical for ultracapacitors, the maximum of capacitance in three dimensions is at equal portion of metal and solid-electrolyte particles. In contrast to metal dielectric mixtures there are no giant enhancement effects in static capacitance as a function of composition: the upper estimates of the enhancement factor are proportional to the ratio of the size of the sample to the size of the grains.

Random-network simulation of an ultracapacitor based on metal-solid-electrolyte composite

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