Macrocyclic diterpenoids from the Iranian plant Euphorbia bungei Boiss

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 different countries. There are an estimated 1.5 million new cases each year, with over 90% occurring in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria and in Brazil and Peru. This study is the first one for evaluating the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and Mespilus germanica L. leaves against L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) promastigotes. The results of this study showed that, extracts of S. Lavandulifolia and M. germanica leaves are effective on activity against the proliferation of promastigotes of L. major suggest that these extracts might be a promising approach for developing new anti-leishmanial drugs.

https://research.skums.ac.ir/dorsapax/userfiles/file/STACHYS_LAVANDULIFOLI_HYDROALCOHOLICEXTRACTS_LEISHMANI.pdf

The effect of stachys lavandulifolia vahl. and mespilus germanica l. leaves hydroalcoholic extracts on leishmania major (mrho/ir/75/er) in vitro

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae and genus Leishmania. The disease prevails in 88 subtropical and tropical countries in five continents where about 350 million people live. Approximately two million incidences of new cases are recorded every year, causing high morbidity and mortality with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans. Treatment for leishmaniasis depends on pentavalent antimonials developed 50 years ago as first-line drugs, whereas a limited range of other drugs such as paromomycin, miltefosine, and amphotericin B exist to supplement them. However, potential toxicity, costs, and emergence of drug-resistant pathogens are the most serious obstacles for successful treatment of the disease in most endemic areas. This demands the development of new antileishmanial agents. In this regard, the search for new drugs from various synthetic products continues, and involves also compounds isolated from natural sources and drugs used for the treatment of other ailments (cancer, viral infections, TB, immunosuppression, etc.) in order to discover compounds with unknown chemical structures and with potential novel modes of action. Medicinal and aromatic plants are a major source of natural organic compounds which are widely used as medicine. The extensive ethnomedicinal knowledge, diversity of plant species, and the disease burden worldwide necessitates the status of natural products in treatments of leishmaniasis to be assessed. This chapter will review plant crude extracts and fractions/active principles obtained from medicinal plants which are used in or have potential for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Plant species are systematically presented by family, bioactive phytochemicals in various classes, and results obtained on specific organisms tested. Recent empirical and rationale approaches for antileishmanial drug targeting and development of novel drugs derived from natural products will be discussed.

Plant-Derived Natural Products for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis

Objective To evaluate leishmanicidal effects of Euphorbia erythadenia plant extract. Methods Extraction was done using methanolic Soxhlet of dried and ground aerial parts of the plant. Then, five different extract concentrations, in addition of positive, negative and solvent controls were prepared and added to a 24-well plate containing 40 000 parasites/well. The extract concentrations were 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.062 5 mg/mL. Amphotricin B (0.5 mg/mL) was used as positive control while negative control contained only culture medium. After 3 d incubation at 25 °C the amount of parasites in each well was determined on each day of experiment microscopially using Neubar chamber. Results Soxhlet extract as well as amphotricin B killed all parasites at concentration of 1 mg/mL. The leshmanicidal activity of lower doses of extract was dose-dependent. The EC 50 for Soxhlet extracts in dimethylsulfoxide was 0.30 mg/mL. The EC 50 for Soxhlet extracts in methanol was 0.23 mg/mL. No obvious effects from the control solvent on the Leishmania major promastigotes were observed. Conclusions The Soxhlet extract of Euphorbia erythadenia showed suitable leishmanicidal activity, especially in higher concentration fractions.

Evaluation of leishmanicidal effect of Euphorbia erythadenia extract by in vitro leshmanicidal assay using promastigotes of Leishmania major

House fly, Musca domestica, is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha, (Diptera: Muscidae). It is a cosmopolitan pest that carries pathogens on its body, faeces and can cause food borne illnesses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Amphotericin B on house flies using specific tools such as poison baits. The concentrations of poison baits used were 0.5%, 1%, 1. 5% and 2%. Amphotericin B -based bait was used as positive control while the no bait (water, sugar syrup and granular sugar only) was used as negative control. Post feeding, 9.88%, 10%, 12.2%, 12%, and 12.23% of house flies were found dead after 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days follow up respectively. Amphotericin B significantly reduced the density of house flies. We recommend that the effectiveness of Amphotericin B on wild strains of house flies and other nuisance insects such as cockroaches be investigated in future.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue3/PartP/5-2-82-588.pdf

Mortality effects of Amphotericin B on House Fly, Musca domestica (Diptera Muscidae) under Laboratory Conditions

Evaluation of Leishmanicidal Effect of Euphorbia bungei Boiss Extract by in vitro Leishmanicidal Assay Using Promastigotes of Leishmania major

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Evaluation of Leishmanicidal Effect of Euphorbia bungei Boiss Extract by in vitro Leishmanicidal Assay Using Promastigotes of Leishmania major