Phosphorus availability on the early Earth and the impacts of life

In Lammer et al. (2024), we defined Earth-like habitats (EHs) as rocky exoplanets within the habitable zone of complex life (HZCL) on which Earth-like N 

Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-Like Habitats in the Galactic Disk

Abstract The mantle of bivalves plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of their shells through biomineralization. Detailed studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis have revealed the presence of phosphorus (P) compounds as the primary phase during biomineralization at the growing edge of the periostracum of the bivalve shell Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857). The presence of a crystal morphology like hydroxyapatite (HAp) at the growing edge of the shell has also been identified, and the Ca/P ratio compatible with HAp. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), whose presence in the shell was investigated in this work, and/or bivalve proteins with identical capability are likely responsible for the dissolution phosphate and calcium carbonate precipitation. Other experimental techniques (ICP-OES, WDXRF) were used to quantify the main chemical elements in the shell of L. fortunei and the marine bivalve P. perna. The concentration of P in the shells suggests that phosphate is confined to the growing regions. FTIR and FTIR-ATR spectroscopies indicate aragonite as the main phase at the shell edges but also show the presence of phosphate absorption bands. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed aragonite and calcite phases at the shell edges, with the presence of one of the main peaks of crystalline calcium phosphate both in L. fortunei and P. perna. The presence of phosphate as the primary phase in the biomineralization process of L. fortunei rekindles the discussion about the importance of the co-occurrence of phosphate and carbonate in the bivalve biomineralization dynamics and suggests an important evolutionary advantage in acquiring phosphate compounds essential for energy production and organism function. 

pdf/dissolution-of-phosphate-and-precipitation-of-carbonate-in-1t22xnsc8g.pdf

Dissolution of Phosphate and Precipitation of Carbonate in the Bio-mineralization of the Bivalve Shell Limnoperna fortunei

Carbon fluxes in estuarine wetlands based on a material flow perspective

Abstract Phosphate minerals such as those in the apatite group tend to be the dominant forms of phosphorus in minerals on the Earth’s surface. Phosphate can be reduced to phosphides during high-energy events, such as lightning and impacts. Here we show that, in addition to formation of metal phosphides, a new compound was formed by lightning in a fulgurite from New Port Richey, Florida, USA. A calcium phosphite material, ideally CaHPO 3 , was found in spherules mainly consisting of iron silicides that formed by lightning-induced fusion of sand around a tree root. This phosphite material bears a phosphorus oxidation state intermediate of that of phosphides and phosphates in a geologic sample and implicates phosphites as being potentially relevant to other high-energy events where phosphorus may partially change its redox state, and material similar to this phosphite may also be the source of phosphite that makes up part of the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle. 

/pdf/routes-to-reduction-of-phosphate-by-high-energy-events-1mmy0g8h.pdf

Routes to reduction of phosphate by high-energy events

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial structural component of living systems and central to modern bioenergetics. P cycles through terrestrial geochemical reservoirs via complex physical and chemical processes. Terrestrial life has altered these fluxes between reservoirs as it evolved, which is why it is of interest to explore planetary P flux evolution in the absence of biology. This is especially true, since environmental P availability affects life's ability to alter other geochemical cycles, which could then be an example of niche construction. Understanding how P reservoir transport affects environmental P availability helps parameterize how the evolution of P reservoirs influenced the emergence of life on Earth, and potentially other planetary bodies. Geochemical P fluxes likely change as planets evolve, and element cycling models that take those changes into account can provide insights on how P fluxes evolve abiotically. There is considerable uncertainty in many aspects of modern and historical global P cycling, including Earth's initial P endowment and distribution after core formation and how terrestrial P interactions between reservoirs and fluxes and their rates have evolved over time. We present here a dynamical box model for Earth's abiological P reservoir and flux evolution. This model suggests that in the absence of biology, long term planetary geochemical cycling on planets similar to Earth with respect to geodynamism tends to bring P to surface reservoirs, and biology, including human civilization, tends to move P to subductable marine reservoirs. 

/pdf/a-global-network-model-of-abiotic-phosphorus-cycling-on-27xwe0qj.pdf

A global network model of abiotic phosphorus cycling on Earth through time

Discrete time crystals (DTCs) are emergent non-equilibrium phases of periodically driven many-body systems, with potential applications ranging from quantum computing to sensing and metrology. There has been significant recent interest in understanding mechanisms leading to DTC formation and a search for novel DTC phases beyond subharmonic entrainment. Here, we report observation of multiple DTC phases in a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) based on coupled graphene and silicon nitride membranes. We confirm the time-crystalline nature of these symmetry broken phases by establishing their many-body characters, long-range time and spatial order, and rigidity against parameter fluctuation or noise. Furthermore, we employ controlled mechanical strain to drive the transitions between phases with different symmetries, thereby mapping the emergent time-crystalline phase diagram. Overall, our work takes a step towards establishing time crystals as a system with complexity rivaling that of solid state crystals.

https://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2302.13318v2.pdf

Observation of tunable discrete time crystalline phases

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A global network model of abiotic phosphorus cycling on Earth through time

Observation of tunable discrete time crystalline phases