In Ethiopia, like in other developing countries post harvest losses, including storage losses is estimated at 5-26%. Damages or loss of grains vary generally and are a function of crop variety, pest and insects, climate, system of harvesting, system of processing, storage, handling and marketing. Interrelated factors that greatly affect quality of stored grain are grain moisture content, grain temperature, initial condition of the grain, insects and pest and molds.  The main objective of grain storage is to maintain quality of the produce for a long period of time and the basic requirements of every grain storage structure or systems are to protect the grains from insects, rodents and prevent deterioration of the grains by the activities of micro-organisms. Safe storage is one that minimizes quantity loss and maintains grain quality characteristics that may be expressed in terms of germination, malting quality, baking quality, color, oil composition, and many others. This means protecting it from weather, molds and other micro-organisms, addition of moisture, destructively high temperatures, insects, rodents, and birds, objectionable odors and contamination, and from un authorized distribution. Common storage structure used by most of Ethiopian farmers is traditional ones with poor construction that exposes the stored grains to different deterioration agents or conditions and to which appropriate management and monitoring of all the influencing factors hasn’t been considered. Though there had been promotion of improved storage structures, stored grain deterioration problem could not be solved. Since deterioration of stored grains results from the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological variables existing in the system, it is therefore important to understand the inter-relations and interactions of these variables in order to design an effective control and management of these factors for safe storage. Focus should also be given to storage through cost-effective and sustainable improvement of the traditional systems and the introduction of alternative sustainable and cost effective systems.

Factors Affecting Quality of Grain Stored in Ethiopian Traditional Storage Structures and Opportunities for Improvement

Farmers’ perceptions and management practices of insect pests on stored sorghum in southwestern Ethiopia

It is over 30 years since Paul Buckland first presented a series of arguments concerning beetle (Coleoptera) grain pests: their origin, the timing of their introduction to Britain, and their implications for agricultural production during the Roman occupation. Here we return to the topic in the light of new data from a range of archaeological deposits, including civilian and military sites dating from the earliest period of Roman occupation. Infestation rates and, potentially, grain loss may have been high throughout Roman Britain, though many infestations may have been in equine feed. Beetle grain pests are not recorded in Britain prior to the Roman invasion, and it appears that they were absent, or extremely rare, in the early medieval period and up to the Norman Conquest. This pattern of occurrence is reviewed and it is suggested that ecological theory offers an explanation which is in accord with supposed socio-economic changes and trade. The role of grain pests is considered in the economic modelling of Romano-British agriculture.

/pdf/roman-grain-pests-in-britain-implications-for-grain-supply-475cm1531b.pdf

Roman Grain Pests in Britain: Implications for grain supply and agricultural production

Plant protection represents one of the strategies to fill the yield gap and to achieve food security, a key topic for India development. Analysis of climate risks for crops indicates that South Asia is one of the regions most exposed to the adverse impact on many plants that are relevant to inhabitants exposed to food safety risks. Furthermore, accumulation of pesticide residues in the aquatic and other ecosystems is becoming a significant threat in India. These perspectives require to develop programs of crop protection that can be feasible according to Indian rural development and pollution policy. Here we review the research works done on soil solarization in India. Soil solarization (also called plasticulture) is an eco-friendly soil disinfestations method for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. This is the process of trapping solar energy by moist soil covered with transparent polyethylene films and chemistry, biology and physical properties of soil are involved in pest control. So far, this technique is applied in more than 50 countries, mostly in hot and humid regions. India has 29 states and these states fall under five climatic zones, from humid to arid ones. We report pest management application in different climatic zones and their effects on production, weeds, nematodes and pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of soil temperatures and crop protection results indicate as environmental requirement for soil solarization fits in most of Indian rural areas. Soil solarization is compatible with future Indian scenarios and may support Indian national food security programs.

The Role of Soil Solarization in India: How an Unnoticed Practice Could Support Pest Control.

Grain-associated insect species are economically important and archaeologically significant. Their dispersal around the globe and eventually across the North Atlantic region surely occurred through human transport rather than naturally. Most beetle cereal pests are now nearly cosmopolitan in their distribution, but their prehistoric ranges appear to have been more restricted. What is known or surmised of the early dispersal of these insect species is summarized, and the role of archaeobiogeographical data in investigating past human contact evaluated. Analysis of fossil and historic records of grain-associated beetles suggests that their dispersal corresponded with assumptions concerning human movement and interaction in the past. There is a significant fossil record for some grain beetles, but it is incomplete and predominantly from northwest Europe. More fossils are needed from across the Palaearctic and North Africa. The examination of pre-agricultural natural deposits in the Middle East, Nort...

Six-legged hitchhikers : an archaeobiogeographical account of the early dispersal of grain beetles

This bulletin provides information and guidelines for research aimed to reduce food losses caused by insects and mites. lt is based upon the experience of grain storage scientists at ODNRI but includes many references to other workers. The guidelines should be of particular use to scientists in developing countries who undertake research on storage pest management. The short overview, which follows this preface, should assist agricultural development planners who may have opportunities to promote and support such research as a component of projects intended to increase food availability. The bulletin deals specifically with insects and mites because, in many developing countries, these pests are clearly responsible for substantial losses which could be reduced. lt relates mainly to stored food grains but also to other crop and livestock products which may be dried sufficiently for long-term storage: that is, all those which are susceptible to damage by storage insects and mites.

Guidelines for pest management research to reduce stored food losses caused by insects and mites (ODNRI Bulletin No. 22)

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Guidelines for pest management research to reduce stored food losses caused by insects and mites (ODNRI Bulletin No. 22)