Spectroscopy is a fundamental analytical tool utilized throughout all of the sciences. For chemistry and biology alone, there are thousands of applications. In the past two decades there have been monumental advances in the miniaturization of components used in spectrophotometric systems. The key components include detector arrays, laser diodes, and fiber optics. Currently, there are numerous commercially available miniature spectrometer systems as well as discrete components that are used by researchers in designing their own systems. A comprehensive summary of current instrumentation available for the design and development of miniaturized spectroscopy applications is described, including detectors, wavelength discriminating components, light sources, and sampling assemblies. Recommendations are made for designing spectrometer systems for specific applications. Current literature is reviewed for chemical and biological applications specifically using miniaturized spectrometer systems with the focus being on ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometers. The applications include laboratory applications, environmental sensing, on-site industrial analyses, botany and ecology applications, and finally clinical and biochemical studies. Additionally, microspectrometers, two-dimensional arrays, and photonics crystals are discussed in regards to their future role in chemistry and biology applications.

Miniature spectroscopic instrumentation: Applications to biology and chemistry

A multiple high-order derivative analysis algorithm has been developed which can automatically extract absorption band positions from low-quality reflectance spectra with little degredation of accuracy. Overlapping bands with comparable widths and intensities can be resolved whose centers are as close as 0.3-0.5 W, with safer resolution limits of 0.6-1.0 W band center separations suggested for overlapping bands that are dissimilar. The segment length for smoothing is continually adjusted to about 0.5 W to minimize signal distortion, and a spectral pattern recognition algorithm predicts the signal spectrum and calculates approximate W across the spectrum using its second derivative. A single-pass cubic spline is applied to the smoothed data, and a sliding segment sixth-order polynomial is fit to the spectrum, with the length of the segment being continuously locally adjusted to 1.0 W across the spectrum. Good reliability and consistency of the algorithm is demonstrated with application to laboratory and earth-based telescope spectra.

Intelligent information extraction from reflectance spectra: Absorption band positions

The state‐of‐the‐art knowledge of atmospheric organic constituents in the lower troposphere has been compiled in order to reconcile sources, transport processes, fates, and relative contributions of natural background organic vs. anthropogenic organic emissions. Volatile compounds and residual particulate organic carbon are the dominant fractions in both urban and remote areas. The lipid fractions have highest concentrations in urban centers, intermediate concentrations in rural areas, and lowest over the oceans. The same distribution is found for residual organic carbon and total vapor phase organic carbon. This large burden of urban contamination is attributed to residues from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and industrial processes. Comparisons of homologous‐series, molecular markers, and bulk properties of macromolecular organic matter are used for the chemical speciation of organic aerosols. The instrumental methods of analyses described are all in use for a variety of analytical purposes inclu...

Air pollution: The organic components

Articles about the development of derivative spectrophotometric methods and analytical applications of derivative spectrophotometry (DS) published in the last nine years (since 1994) are reviewed.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/analsci/21/6/21_6_595/_pdf

Recent developments of derivative spectrophotometry and their analytical applications.

The 655 articles cited in this review cover developments in the fields of ultraviolet light absorption spectrometry and light absorption spectrometry during the period December 1977 through November 1979, primarily documented in Chemical Abstracts. An extensive section of the review is devoted to the chemical aspects involved in the development of suitable reagents, absorbing systems, and methods for spectrophotometric analysis. Principles associated with the measurement of ultraviolet and visible radiant energy as well as the instrumentation used for these measurements are reviewed in the section entitled, Physics. Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of metals and of certain organic compounds are tabulated with matrix material, method or reagent, and appropriate reference number from the bibliography being specified. (BLM)

Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry

Ultraviolet and Absorption Light Spectrometry

Ultraviolet and light absorption spectrometry

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Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry

Ultraviolet and Absorption Light Spectrometry

Ultraviolet and Absorption Light Spectrometry

Ultraviolet and light absorption spectrometry