Thin layer fabrication and crystal facet engineering favor the prompt charge transfer from bulk to the surface of a material and spatial charge separation among different facets, tremendously benefitting photocatalytic activity. However, the thickness and surface facet composition are considered as two entwined characteristics of layered materials with well-defined and tunable shapes, which possess great promise to achieve the simultaneous manipulation of charge transfer and spatial separation. Herein, it is demonstrated that one solution for the aforementioned issue by controllably regulating the surface {010}/{100} facet junctions of a layered thickness-tunable bismuth-based material, BiOIO3. The attenuation in thickness of BiOIO3 nanoplates shortens the diffusion pathway of charge carriers, and more importantly the tuning of nanolayer thickness renders the ratio variation of the top {010} facet to the lateral {100} facet, which dominates the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. As a result, the highest CO evolution rate from CO2 reduction over BiOIO3 nanoplates with the optimal thickness and ratio of exposed facets reaches 5.42 μmol g−1 h−1, over 300% that of the bulk counterpart (1.77 μmol g−1 h−1). This work paves a new way for governing charge movement behaviors on the basis of the synergistic engineering of layer structure and exposing facets.

Thickness-Dependent Facet Junction Control of Layered BiOIO3 Single Crystals for Highly Efficient CO2 Photoreduction

Microstructure and texture evolution during cold rolling and annealing of a high Mn TWIP steel

X-ray spectrometers can be coupled to a transmission electron microscope to record x-ray quanta emitted from the specimen. With an energy-dispersive spectrometer, quantitative analysis is possible for elements with atomic numbers above ten.

Analytical Electron Microscopy

Long term aging of type 321 stainless steel indicates TiC, not M23C6, is the thermodynamically stable carbide phase. A theory is developed to explain appearance of M23C6 at intermediate times. The theory also indicates a means for preventing M23C6 formation and hence sensitization of the steel to intergranular corrosion. The amount of sigma found correlates well with results from shorter time studies. Two minor, still unidentified phases were seen along with Ti4C2S{i2}.

Precipitate phases in type 321 stainless steel after aging 17 years at ∼600°C

Review: Transition metal-based nanolamellar phases

Many minerals and synthetic inorganic phases of low symmetry occur only as fine powders or fibre aggregates. In such cases, determination of the unit cell from X-ray data alone can be difficult or impossible, because of failure to resolve multiple reflections or to detect weak ones on polycrystalline X-ray photographs, together with uncertainties about systematically absent reflections. However, electron diffraction of small single crystals can be used for determination of the unit cell, enabling the X-ray lines to be indexed. Alternatively, electron diffraction of polycrystalline platy textures can sometimes be used, both to determine the unit cell and to provide indexed intensity data for use in structure analysis. d-spacings and intensities measured on X-ray patterns are, however, generally more accurate and reliable than electron-diffraction data. Correlation of both sources of data can therefore yield information not available from either technique alone.

Interpretation of Electron Diffraction Patterns

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Interpretation of Electron Diffraction Patterns