Serpentinization: a review

Clay and man: clay raw materials in the service of man

The retention of uranium and europium onto sepiolite investigated by macroscopic, spectroscopic and modeling techniques

Order–Disorder in Clay Mineral Structures

Formation of clay minerals under hydrothermal influence is the result of rock alteration by circulating hot water in the Earth’s crust. A pre-existing rock-forming mineral assemblage is altered to a new set of minerals which are more stable under the hydrothermal conditions of temperature, pressure, and fluid composition. The interaction of hot water and rocks forms a spatially and temporally regular zonal pattern of new clay minerals, as the fluid with cooling temperature moves through the surrounding rock mass. This chapter discusses the formation of clay minerals in such dynamic processes of hydrothermal alteration. The approach is one of clay-mineral facies formed under conditions of massive alteration in the rocks. The chemical and mineralogical changes which occur on the scale of a rock or rock mass are considered to have been dealt with in the preceding chapter. The exact process of change via local, vein-influenced exchange processes is ignored for simplicity (see Chap. 6).

Formation of Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Environments

Clay minerals occur most frequently in a state too finely divided for satisfactory observation with the best optical microscopes, or for study with single-crystal X-ray techniques. The higher resolution made possible by electron-optical instruments can therefore be put to good use in the investigation of the morphologies and crystal structures of clays. It is the intention of this monograph to summarize achievements to date, to indicate problems that have perhaps not received the attention they deserve, and, as a result, to suggest lines of investigation that might prove fruitful. The first two chapters explain in some detail the various types of electron-optical equipment that are currently available, the methods of operating them to the best advantage, and interpretation of the results. The techniques for preparation of specimens are reviewed in the third chapter, with emphasis on those most suitable for clay minerals. With the exception of the last chapter, on practical applications of electron-optical methods, each subsequent chapter deals with studies on a particular class of clay minerals. Some chapters include detailed descriptions of specimen preparation or other techniques that have been developed by the authors to resolve specific problems peculiar to the minerals dealt with in those chapters. Electron microscopy and other electron-optical techniques have been used, alone or in conjunction with other methods, to investigate problems that have proved otherwise insoluble. Nevertheless, these techniques have their limitations, which must always be borne in mind, as results can occasionally be misleading. It therefore seems appropriate, at this stage, to review the methods of specimen preparation and examination, and to attempt to assess their value for investigation of clays.

The electron-optical investigation of clays

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The electron-optical investigation of clays