Sodium deprivation and renin secretion in unanesthetized dogs.

Plasma renin activity (PRA), supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were studied in 120 normotensive subjects aged 22–78 years, during strictly standardized conditions. PRA was measured after 1 h supine rest (basal PRA) after ambulation for 3–4 h (upright PRA) and after stimulation with 80 mg frusemide orally (stimulated PRA). PRA was determined with a new, simple, accurate and sensitive radioimmunoassay method. Supine and sitting systolic BP increased with age but no such correlation was found for the diastolic BP. No correlation could be shown between the BP levels and either the sodium or the potassium excretions. PRA levels increased about two-fold from basal to upright levels and about four-fold from basal levels after stimulation. No differences in mean PRA-levels were seen between males and females. We could not demonstrate any correlations between PRA-levels and 24 h sodium or potassium excretions, nor was there any relationship between age and PRA. Refer...

Relationships between blood pressure, age, plasma renin activity and electrolyte excretion in normotensive subjects.

BACKGROUND: There are facilities established around the world for treating passenger flight anxiety, often as a joint activity of airlines and private entrepreneurs or mental health professionals. In the scientific and professional literature, there is little information about how these facilities operate and what the components of their treatment programs are. This paper is the first review to date to provide this information. METHOD: There were 212 airlines and treatment facilities approached for information on treatment programs for flying phobia, 43 of which were active in this field. Extensive information could be obtained from 15, which were the best known and well-developed. Information was collected both with a questionnaire and by meeting representatives from 15 international fear of flying treatment facilities that participated in the First International Conference on Fear of Flying (Feb. 1996). RESULTS: Fear of flying among passengers is a phenomenon with epidemic proportions, effecting roughly 10-40% of the adult population. All treatment programs share two basic elements, an information component and a test flight. The programs vary considerably in terms of treatment components. However, there is little available information on efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: To date there is a wide variety between facilities for the treatment for fear of flying in terms of methods and protocols used. Experts agree on the clear-cut need for standardization of a "best" minimum protocol for fear of flying treatment programs for which the main components where identified. Language: en

Fear of flying treatment programs for passengers: an international review.

Plasma-renin activity was studied, under different conditions of sitmulation, in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension. In normal subjects, three components of renin release, "basal," "neural," and "sodium-sensitive," could be delineated. Among the hypertensive patients, abnormal patterns of renin release were noted. The categorization of patients according to "plasma-renin status," however, differed with the conditions of testing, being dependent both on the pathophysiology of the essential hypertension and the character of the renin-releasing stimulus, specifically whether this stimulus elevated plasma-renin activity through a predominantly neural (upright posture) or non-neural mechanism (dietary sodium deprivation). Abnormal plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension resulted in part from disordered sympathetic nervous system function. Patients with mild hypertension and elevated plasma-renin activity exhibited increased neural stimulation of renin release, whereas in patients with low plasma-renin values, all three components of renin release, including the neural element, were diminished.

The determinants of plasma-renin activity in essential hypertension.

The psychology of fear of flying (part II): a critical evaluation of current perspectives on approaches to treatment.

Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal effects of short-term oral treatment with beta 1-blockade (atenolol, 50 mg, administered two times) and beta 2-blockade (ICI 118,551, 50 mg, administered three times) were compared with placebo during actual flying in subjects with flight phobia (n = 34). beta 1-Blockade lowered resting blood pressure and heart rate and prevented a heart rate response but not a blood pressure response to this psychologic stress. beta 2-Blockade minimally lowered resting heart rate and prevented a heart rate response, but it failed to lower resting blood pressure or blood pressure response to the stress. Plasma epinephrine increased with all three treatments and more with beta 1-blockade than with placebo. Plasma norepinephrine decreased with administration of beta 2-blockade. Thus neither beta 1- nor beta 2-blockade prevents an increase in blood pressure during acute flight phobia stress. Increased plasma epinephrine seems to be the sympathetic variable that is closest related to this increase in blood pressure. Norepinephrine may be less consistently related to the blood pressure rise during flight phobia stress as shown by the decrease in plasma norepinephrine with administration of beta 2-blockade.

Effects of β1‐ and β2‐blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic responses to flight phobia stress

Effect of sodium depletion on plasma renin concentration before and during adrenergic β-receptor blockade with propranolol in normotensive man

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Effects of β1‐ and β2‐blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic responses to flight phobia stress

Effect of sodium depletion on plasma renin concentration before and during adrenergic β-receptor blockade with propranolol in normotensive man