https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.035

New insights into the role of connexins in pancreatic islet function and diabetes

Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects eight out of 1,000 live births and is a major social and health-care burden. A common genetic cause of CHD is the 22q11.2 deletion, which is the basis of the homonymous deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), also known as DiGeorge syndrome. Most of its clinical spectrum is caused by haploinsufficiency of Tbx1, a gene encoding a T-box transcription factor. Here we show that Tbx1 positively regulates monomethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) through interaction with and recruitment of histone methyltransferases. Treatment of cells with tranylcypromine (TCP), an inhibitor of histone demethylases, rebalances the loss of H3K4me1 and rescues the expression of approximately one-third of the genes dysregulated by Tbx1 suppression. In Tbx1 mouse mutants, TCP treatment ameliorates substantially the cardiovascular phenotype. These data suggest that epigenetic drugs may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for rescue of gene haploinsufficiency phenotypes, including structural defects.

/pdf/rebalancing-gene-haploinsufficiency-in-vivo-by-targeting-58iwit4hcr.pdf

Rebalancing gene haploinsufficiency in vivo by targeting chromatin

Ischemic preconditioning preserves connexin 43 phosphorylation during sustained ischemia in pig hearts in vivo

The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays important roles in neural development. Previous studies have implicated Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, in neuronal migration, axon bundling and guidance to specific targets, dendritic spine formation and neural plasticity. However, specific contributions of EphA5 and EphA6 receptors to the regulation of neuronal cell morphology have not been well studied. Here we show that deletion of EphA5 and EphA6 results in abnormal Golgi staining patterns of cells in the brain, and abnormal spine morphology. These observations suggest novel functions of these Eph receptors in the regulation of neuronal and spine structure in brain development and function.

/pdf/epha5-and-epha6-regulation-of-neuronal-and-spine-morphology-2zukb9td7m.pdf

EphA5 and EphA6: regulation of neuronal and spine morphology

RATIONALE: Cardiac tissue cohesion relying on highly ordered cardiomyocytes (CM) interactions is critical because most cardiomyopathies are associated with tissue remodeling and architecture alterations. OBJECTIVE: Eph/ephrin system constitutes a ubiquitous system coordinating cellular communications which recently emerged as a major regulator in adult organs. We examined if eph/ephrin could participate in cardiac tissue cyto-organization. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reported the expression of cardiac ephrin-B1 in both endothelial cells and for the first time in CMs where ephrin-B1 localized specifically at the lateral membrane. Ephrin-B1 knock-out (KO) mice progressively developed cardiac tissue disorganization with loss of adult CM rod-shape and sarcomeric and intercalated disk structural disorganization confirmed in CM-specific ephrin-B1 KO mice. CMs lateral membrane exhibited abnormal structure by electron microscopy and notably increased stiffness by atomic force microscopy. In wild-type CMs, ephrin-B1 interacted with claudin-5/ZO-1 complex at the lateral membrane, whereas the complex disappeared in KO/CM-specific ephrin-B1 KO mice. Ephrin-B1 deficiency resulted in decreased mRNA expression of CM basement membrane components and disorganized fibrillar collagen matrix, independently of classical integrin/dystroglycan system. KO/CM-specific ephrin-B1 KO mice exhibited increased left ventricle diameter and delayed atrioventricular conduction. Under pressure overload stress, KO mice were prone to death and exhibited striking tissue disorganization. Finally, failing CMs displayed downregulated ephrin-B1/claudin-5 gene expression linearly related to the ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Ephrin-B1 is necessary for cardiac tissue architecture cohesion by stabilizing the adult CM morphology through regulation of its lateral membrane. Because decreased ephrin-B1 is associated with molecular/functional cardiac defects, it could represent a new actor in the transition toward heart failure.

/pdf/ephrin-b1-is-a-novel-specific-component-of-the-lateral-26dpct36ar.pdf

Ephrin-B1 Is a Novel Specific Component of the Lateral Membrane of the Cardiomyocyte and Is Essential for the Stability of Cardiac Tissue Architecture Cohesion

Eph receptors and ephrin ligands are membrane-bound cell–cell communication molecules with important roles not only in development but also in the physiology of many adult organs. However, their cellular localization and functions in the myocardium are virtually unknown and therefore, we have investigated the expression of EphB receptors and ephrin-B ligands in the rodent heart ventricles and their functions in the rodent cardiomyocytes of primary culture. Examinations by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that the EphB receptors are preferentially expressed in cardiomyocytes and ephrin-B ligands in the vasculature in adult mouse heart ventricles. Interestingly, we found that inducing high levels of EphB receptor activation in primary cultures of rodent cardiomyocytes by stimulation with ephrin-B1-Fc desynchronized the contraction of adjacent clusters of cardiomyocytes that had contracted synchronously before the treatment. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that EphB4 physically associates with connexin43, a major component of gap junctions in the myocardium, and that EphB activation inhibits gap junctional intracellular communication between cardiomyocytes. The present findings suggest that ephrin-B-EphB signaling can modulate the electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes through effects on gap junctions.

EphB signaling inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication and synchronized contraction in cultured cardiomyocytes

The P19CL6 cell line is a useful model to study cardiac differentiation in vitro. However, large variations were noticed in the differentiation rates among previous reports as well as our individual experiments. To overcome the unstable differentiation, we established P19CL6-A1, a new clonal derivative of P19CL6 that could differentiate into cardiomyocytes more efficiently and stably than the parent using the double stimulation with 5-Aza and DMSO based on the previous report. We also introduced a new software, Visorhythm, that can analyze the temporal variations in the beating rhythms and can chart correlograms displaying the oscillated rhythms. Using P19CL6-A1-derived cardiomyocytes and the software, we demonstrated that the correlograms could clearly display the enhancement of beating rates by cardiotonic reagents. These indicate that a combination of P19CL6-A1 and Visorhythm is a useful tool that can provide invaluable assistance in inotropic drug discovery, drug screening, and toxicity testing.

/pdf/effective-and-steady-differentiation-of-a-clonal-derivative-1fkoze2smu.pdf

Effective and Steady Differentiation of a Clonal Derivative of P19CL6 Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Line into Beating Cardiomyocytes

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EphB signaling inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication and synchronized contraction in cultured cardiomyocytes

Effective and Steady Differentiation of a Clonal Derivative of P19CL6 Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Line into Beating Cardiomyocytes