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http://ajcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/ajcpath/102/6/861.1.full.pdf

Renal Pathology with Clinical and Functional Correlations

Background. While frequent or occasional symptomatic intradialytic hypotension (IDH) may influence patient well-being, its effects on survival—independent of comorbidities—has not previously been investigated. In this study, therefore, our objective was to assess the effect of frequent IDH (f-IDH) or occasional IDH (o-IDH) on survival. Methods. During a 10 month run-in period in 1998, 77 patients with f-IDH (� 10 hypotensive events/10 months, responding only to medical intervention) and 101 patients with o-IDH (1 or 2 events/10 months) were identified among all 958 patients of a dialysis network. Eighty-five patients who had no hypotensive episodes (no-IDH) during this run-in phase served as controls. Patients were followed for a median of 27 months (range: 0.3–37) and survival of patients in the three groups was compared by log-rank test. Independent association of f-IDH and o-IDH with survival, compared with no-IDH, was assessed by a proportional hazards model that included patient demographics, laboratory data and antihypertensive medication as well as comorbidity. Results. Forty-five patients (58%) with f-IDH, 47 (47%) with o-IDH and 33 (39%) with no-IDH died during the follow-up. Mortality rates (deaths/100 patient years) were 37 (log-rank P ¼ 0.013 vs noIDH), 26 (log-rank P ¼ 0.375 vs no-IDH) and 21 in the three groups, respectively. This indicates significantly decreased survival in patients with f-IDH as compared to those with no-IDH. In multivariate proportional hazards regression, however, where age, sex, time spent on dialysis, presence of coronary heart disease, diabetes, Kt/V, albumin level and use of -blockers, calcium-channel blockers and long-acting nitrates has been adjusted for, neither f-IDH nor o-IDH was associated with survival. Conclusions. Mortality in patients with f-IDH is significantly higher than in those without such events. After adjustments for covariates, however, there is no independent effect of frequent or occasional episodes of IDH on mortality.

The effect of frequent or occasional dialysis-associated hypotension on survival of patients on maintenance haemodialysis

PURPOSE Because avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is recommended for most individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), we sought to characterize patterns of NSAID use among persons with CKD in the United States. METHODS A total of 12,065 adult (aged 20 years or older) participants in the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004) responded to a questionnaire regarding their use of over-the-counter and prescription NSAIDs. NSAIDs (excluding aspirin and acetaminophen) were defined by self-report. CKD was categorized as no CKD, mild CKD (stages 1 and 2; urinary albumin-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g) and moderate to severe CKD (stages 3 and 4; estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2). Adjusted prevalence was calculated using multivariable logistic regression with appropriate population-based weighting. RESULTS Current use (nearly every day for 30 days or longer) of any NSAID was reported by 2.5%, 2.5%, and 5.0% of the US population with no, mild, and moderate to severe CKD, respectively; nearly all of the NSAIDs used were available over-the-counter. Among those with moderate to severe CKD who were currently using NSAIDs, 10.2% had a current NSAID prescription and 66.1% had used NSAIDs for 1 year or longer. Among those with CKD, disease awareness was not associated with reduced current NSAID use: (3.8% vs 3.9%, aware vs unaware; P=.979). CONCLUSIONS Physicians and other health care clinicians should be aware of use of NSAIDs among those with CKD in the United States and evaluate NSAID use in their CKD patients.

pdf/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug-use-among-persons-with-1i1e723567.pdf

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among persons with chronic kidney disease in the United States

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) occurs in approximately 10-12% of treatments. Whereas several definitions for IDH are available, a nadir systolic blood pressure carries the strongest relation with outcome. Whereas the relation between IDH may partly be based on patient characteristics, it is likely that also impaired organ perfusion leading to permanent damage, plays a role in this relationship. The pathogenesis of IDH is multifactorial and is based on a combination of a decline in blood volume (BV) and impaired vascular resistance at a background of a reduced cardiovascular reserve. Measurements of absolute BV based on an on-line dilution method appear more promising than relative BV measurements in the prediction of IDH. Also, feedback treatments in which ultrafiltration rate is automatically adjusted based on changes in relative BV have not yet resulted in improvement. Frequent assessment of dry weight, attempting to reduce interdialytic weight gain and prescribing more frequent or longer dialysis treatments may aid in preventing IDH. The impaired vascular response can be improved using isothermic or cool dialysis treatment which has also been associated with a reduction in end organ damage, although their effect on mortality has not yet been assessed. For the future, identification of vulnerable patients based on artificial intelligence and on-line assessment of markers of organ perfusion may aid in individualizing treatment prescription, which will always remain dependent on the clinical context of the patient.

/pdf/intradialytic-hypotension-mechanisms-and-outcome-l5s9x2almr.pdf

Intradialytic Hypotension: Mechanisms and Outcome.

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is considered one of the most frequent complications of haemodialysis with an estimated prevalence of 20–50 %, but studies investigating its exact prevalence are scarce. A complicating factor is that several definitions of IDH are used. The goal of this study was, to assess the prevalence of IDH, primarily in reference to the European Best Practice Guideline (EBPG) on haemodynamic instability: A decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥20 mmHg or in mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥10 mmHg associated with a clinical event and the need for nursing intervention. During 3 months we prospectively collected haemodynamic data, clinical events, and nursing interventions of 3818 haemodialysis sessions from 124 prevalent patients who dialyzed with constant ultrafiltration rate and dialysate conductivity. Patients were considered as having frequent IDH if it occurred in >20 % of dialysis sessions. Decreases in SBP ≥20 mmHg or MAP ≥10 mmHg occurred in 77.7 %, clinical symptoms occurred in 21.4 %, and nursing interventions were performed in 8.5 % of dialysis sessions. Dialysis hypotension according to the full EBPG definition occurred in only 6.7 % of dialysis sessions. Eight percent of patients had frequent IDH. The prevalence of IDH according to the EBPG definition is low. The dominant determinant of the EBPG definition was nursing intervention since this was the component with the lowest prevalence. IDH seems to be less common than indicated in the literature but a proper comparison with previous studies is complicated by the lack of a uniform definition.

/pdf/prevalence-of-intradialytic-hypotension-clinical-symptoms-4ry87w48uj.pdf

Prevalence of intradialytic hypotension, clinical symptoms and nursing interventions - a three-months, prospective study of 3818 haemodialysis sessions

Background: Symptomatic dialysis hypotension (DH) continues to be a common problem. By comparing patients prone and resistant to DH, several dialysis session and patient related cha

Comparison of Dialysis and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Frequent and Occasional Hemodialysis-Associated Hypotension

Background. The diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy has improved significantly with modern imaging techniques. We reviewed a large portion of the Hungarian dialysis population to obtain additional insight into the problem. Methods. Twenty-two participating dialysis units enrolled 1400 patients on renal replacement therapy between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 1998. Patients with no known aetiology (n ¼ 284) were interviewed and studied with renal imaging. We assessed the presence of decreased renal mass combined with either bumpy contours, papillary calcification, or both. The subjects studied were interrogated extensively. Results. Our survey suggested analgesic nephropathy in 47 of 1400 patients (3.3%), 3-fold higher than the EDTA database estimate for Hungary. The analgesics most commonly abused were phenacetin-containing mixtures. The driving symptoms were mainly headache and joint pain. Cardiovascular complications were more common than in the rest of the dialysis population, independent of smoking and lipid values (P<0.01). Conclusions. Phenacetin should be banned. Our study results support the need for longitudinal cohort and case–control studies in Hungary.

/pdf/analgesic-nephropathy-in-hungary-the-hans-study-1obdo81y0z.pdf

Analgesic nephropathy in Hungary: the HANS study

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Comparison of Dialysis and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Frequent and Occasional Hemodialysis-Associated Hypotension

Analgesic nephropathy in Hungary: the HANS study