Composites science and technology

Environmental pollutions are increasing day by day due to more plastic application. The plastic material is going in our food chain as well as the environment employing microplastic and other plastic-based contaminants. From this point, bio-based plastic research is taking attention for a sustainable and greener environment with a lower footprint on the environment. This evaluation should be made considering the whole life cycle assessment of the proposed technologies to make a whole range of biomaterials. Bio-based and biodegradable bioplastics can have similar features as conventional plastics while providing extra returns because of their low carbon footprint as long as additional features in waste management, like composting. Interest in competitive biodegradable materials is growing to limit environmental pollution and waste management problems. Bioplastics are defined as plastics deriving from biological sources and formed from renewable feedstocks or by a variation of microbes, owing to the ability to reduce the environmental effect. The research and development in this field of bio-renewable resources can seriously lead to the adoption of a low-carbon economy in medical, packaging, structural and automotive engineering, just to mention a few. This review aims to give a clear insight into the research, application opportunities, sourcing and sustainability, and environmental footprint of bioplastics production and various applications. Bioplastics are manufactured from polysaccharides, mainly starch-based, proteins, and other alternative carbon sources, such as algae or even wastewater treatment byproducts. The most known bioplastic today is thermoplastic starch, mainly as a result of enzymatic bioreactions. In this work, the main applications of bioplastics are accounted. One of them being food applications, where bioplastics seem to meet the food industry concerns about many the packaging-related issues and appear to play an important part for the whole food industry sustainability, helping to maintain high-quality standards throughout the whole production and transport steps, translating into cleaner and smarter delivery chains and waste management. High perspectives resides in agricultural and medical applications, while the number of fields of applications grows constantly, for example, structural engineering and electrical applications. As an example, bio-composites, even from vegetable oil sources, have been developed as fibers with biodegradable features and are constantly under research.

/pdf/bioplastic-from-renewable-biomass-a-facile-solution-for-a-109zveu9w2.pdf

Bioplastic from Renewable Biomass: A Facile Solution for a Greener Environment

Bioplastics are kind of plastics produce from natural and renewable raw materials biomass sources such as sugarcane, corn starch, wood, waste paper, vegetable oils and fats, bacteria, algae, etc. Mostly, the commercial plastics in the marketplace are made from non-renewable petroleum based and this product can cause damaging to the ecosystem of the nature. Bioplastics are not harmful to nature environment because it can decompose back into carbon dioxide. Thus, the demand for applications of bioplastics are growing rapidly. The products made from bioplastics should be commercialize because they are renewable, biodegradable, compostable and environmentally friendly. The aims of this short review are to present about classifications of bioplastic, their advantages and disadvantages, processing, applications and challenges. Finally, the possible future developments of bioplastics are prospected.

/pdf/current-development-on-bioplastics-and-its-future-prospects-3moi4kn75g.pdf

Current development on bioplastics and its future prospects: an introductory review

Bioplastics are one of the possible alternative solutions to the polymers of petrochemical origins. Bioplastics have several advantages over traditional plastics in terms of low carbon footprint, energy efficiency, biodegradability and versatility. Although they have numerous benefits and are revolutionizing many application fields, they also have several weaknesses, such as brittleness, high-water absorption, low crystallization ability and low thermal degradation temperature. These drawbacks can be a limiting factor that prevents their use in many applications. Nonetheless, reinforcements and plasticizers can be added to bioplastic production as a way to overcome such limitations. Bioplastics materials are not yet studied in depth, but it is with great optimism that their industrial use and market scenarios are increasing; such growth can be a positive driver for more research in this field. National and international investments in the bioplastics industry can also promote the green transition. International projects, such as EcoPlast and Animpol, aim to study and develop new polymeric materials made from alternative sources. One of their biggest problems is their waste management; there is no separation process yet to recycle the nonbiodegradable bioplastics, and they are considered contaminants when mixed with other polymers. Some materials use additives, and their impact on the microplastics they leave after breaking apart is subject to debate. For this reason, it is important to consider their life cycle analysis and assess their environmental viability. These are materials that can possibly be processed in various ways, including conventional processes used for petrochemical ones. Those include injection moulding and extrusion, as well as digital manufacturing. This and the possibility to use these materials in several applications is one of their greatest strengths. All these aspects will be discussed in this review.

/pdf/bioplastics-innovation-for-green-transition-1hsq3ziv.pdf

Bioplastics: Innovation for Green Transition

Global production of synthetic polymers such as plastics is nearly 390 million tons/year, which is creating enormous challenges on a number of frontiers including environment, sustainable development and health. The non-degradability of plastics and petrochemical-based polymers is a huge environmental crisis despite being an industry with billions of dollars share in global economy. Water pollution due to synthetic plastics and related products is evident from the fact that 7 million tons of land based plastic debris enters oceans and water bodies annually endangering the sea life which is not only a concern for the aquatic environment but also for the sea food industry and eventually to human health. Eco-friendly and sustainable polymers from a number of living organisms can be used as an alternative to synthetic polymers. Biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, pectin, keratin, chitin, gelatin and polyhydroxyalkanoates can be obtained from natural biomass sources. All these biopolymers exhibit suitable physiochemical, thermal and mechanical properties that make them suitable for the production of bioplastics that are biobased and biodegradable in nature. Use of biopolymers is not limited to bioplastics but ranges from sustainable production of other products such as bio-implants, biofuels, and medicinal products. In this review, we have discussed comprehensively about the sources of biopolymers, their extraction and purification methods and the reasons that make them efficient biopolymers for the environment.

Bioplastics from Biopolymers: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solution of Plastic Pollution

Empty fruit bunch is available abundantly in Indonesia as side product of CPO production. EFB production in Indonesia reached 28.65 million tons in 2015. EFB consist of 36.67% cellulose, 13.50% hemicellulose and 31.16% lignin. By calculation, potential cellulose from EFB is 11.50 million tons. Cellulose could be utilized as source for bioplastic production. This research aims to develop bioplastic production based on cellulose from EFB and to increase added value of EFB. Cellulose fiber has no plastic properties. Molecular modification of cellulose, composite with plasticizer and compatibilizer is a key success for utilization of cellulose for bioplastic. Main steps of bioplastic production from EFB are: 1) isolation and purification of cellulose, 2) cellulose modification and 3) synthesis of bioplastic. Cellulose was isolated by sodium hydroxide methods and bleached using sodium hypochlorite. Purity of obtained cellulose was 97%. Cellulose yield could reach 30% depend on cellulose content of EFB. Cellulose side chain was oxidized to reduce hydroxyl group and increase the carboxyl group. Bioplastic synthesis used glycerol as plasticizer and cassava starch as matrix. This research was successfully producing bioplastic sheet by casting method. In future prospects, bioplastic from EFB cellulose can be developed as plastic bag and food packaging.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012011/pdf

Bioplastic production from cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunch

ABSTRAK Selulosa bakteri merupakan salah satu biopolimer yang berbentuk pita-pita berukuran nano dengan panjang kurang dari 100 nm dan lebar 2-4 nm. Beberapa bakteri yang diketahui bisa memproduksi selulosa antara lain Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, dan Sarcina. Sintesis selulosa bacterial membentuk bundle mikrofibril yang sangat kristalin dengan elastisitas modulus sebesar 78 GPa sama seperti elastisitas modulus dari fiber glass 70 GPa. Selulosa bakteri memiliki kapasitas simpan air, derajat polimerisasi, dan struktur jaringan yang lebih baik daripada selulosa dari tanaman. Produksi nanofibril selulosa dari selulosa bakteri tidak memerlukan proses penghilangan hemiselulosa dan lignin seperti pada selulosa dari tanaman sehingga nano selulosa bakterial dapat menjadi salah satu bahan baku nano komposit yang potensial bagi pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR). Nano selulosa bakterial bisa menjadi bahan baku nano komposit yang sangat kuat, lebih kuat daripada nano selulosa yang berasal dari tanaman. Pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR) mengarah pada pengembangan karet untuk tujuan-tujuan khusus, salah satunya adalah elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs) yang merupakan kelompok material yang menggabungkan karakteristik karet dengan bahan termoplastik yang mudah diproses. Konsep penguatan bahan polimer, seperti NR, dengan nano-filler selulosa melalui mekanisme ikatan karet-bahan pengisi akibat peningkatan interaksi karet-bahan pengisi berukuran nano yang memiliki luas permukaan yang besar. Selulosa bakterial seperti Acetobacter xylinum yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium lateks karet alam, akan mengakibatkan partikel latek yang berukuran 5 nm terperangkap pada matrik selulosa ataupun sebaliknya partikel selulosa bakterial yang terperangkap pada matrik karet alam. Manfaat dari adanya mekanisme ikatan in vivo selulosa bakterial dan matrik karet alam adalah dalam rangka mengembangkan industri karet pada sintesis paduan nano-komposit karet dengan selulosa bakterial guna meningkatkan diversifikasi produk pada komoditas karet alam. Produk yang dihasilkan dapat berupa termoplastik elastomer (karet alam termoplastik) yang memiliki prospek untuk digunakan pada komponen otomotif dan produk-produk khusus lainnya. Kata kunci : Bakteri selulosa, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), lateks ABSTRACT In-Vivo Potency of Bacterial Cellulose As Nano-Filler Elastomer Thermoplastics Rubber (ETPS) Microbial cellulose is one of the biopolymer in the form of nano-sized ribbons with a length of less than 100 nm and a width of 2-4 nm. Some bacteria are known to produce cellulose namely Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Sarcina. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose forming microfibril bundle highly crystalline with elasticity modulus of 78 GPa as of 70 GPa fiber glass. Microbial cellulose has water storage capacity, degree of polymerization, and the network structure is better than cellulose from plants. Nanofibril cellulose production of bacterial cellulose does not require the removal of hemicellulose 104 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 103 - 112 and lignin as of plants so that the nano bacterial cellulose is a potential raw materials of nano composites in developing natural rubber (NR). Nano bacterial cellulose is potentially a strong raw material for nano composites, stronger than nano cellulose from plants. Development of natural rubber or natural rubber (NR) led to the development of rubber for specific purposes, one of which is elastomeric thermoplastics (ETPs), a group combining the characteristics of rubber material with thermoplastic material that is easily processed. Strengthening The concept to improve the strength of polymer materials, such as NA, with nano-filler bonding cellulose through the mechanism of rubber-filler-rubber is due to an increased interaction of nano-sized filler that has a large surface area. Bacterial cellulose such as Acetobacter xylinum grown in natural rubber latex medium, may result in 5 nm latex particle trapped in the cellulose matrix or vice versa, bacterial cellulose particles trapped in the matrix of natural rubber. Benefits of the bonding mechanism of in vivo bacterial cellulose and natural rubber matrix is develop rubber industry synthesizing nano-composite alloy rubber with bacterial cellulose for natural rubber diversification. The products resulted in the form of thermoplastic elastomer (natural rubber thermoplastic) is potentially to be used in automotive components and other specialty products. Keywords: Bacterial cellulose, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), latex

https://www.ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/psp/article/download/3639/3054

Potensi In-Vivo Selulosa Bakterial Sebagai Nano-Filler Karet Elastomer Thermoplastics

Effect of  Tithonia diversifolia extract on biodegradability of the bioplastic was evaluated using plantation soil as natural inoculum. The bioplastic was a composite of cellulose from cacao pod husk, starch and enriched by tithoniaextract. Biodegradation test w as ere conducted in the glass jar for 60 days. The carbon dioxide generated from the biodegradation test titrated by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solutions. The carbon dioxide was measured with 0.1 N HCl and using phenolphthalein followed by methyl orange as indicator. Carbon dioxide was detected in the bioplastic samples but not detected in the conventional plastic sample during the test. Biodegradation of the bioplastic enriched by tithoniaextract was higher than  that of the bioplastic without tithoniaextract. Biodegra-dation rate of the bioplastic samples in plantation soil were 0.068 mg CO 2 /day and 0.178 mg CO 2 /day for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively. Biodegradation of the bioplastic samples for 45 days were 12.44% and 28.07% for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively. Complete biodegradation of the bioplastic predicted in 244 days and 200 days for the bioplastic without and with tithoniaextract, respectively.  [Kata kunci : Tithonia diversifolia , biodegra da- bility, bioplastic, plantation soil]. Abstrak Pengaruh ekstrak  Tithonia diversifolia terhadap biodegradabilitas bioplastik dievaluasi dengan menggunakan tanah perkebunan sebagai inokulum alami.  Bioplastik yang digunakan adalah komposit selulosa dari kulit buah kakao, pati dan diperkaya dengan ekstrak  t ithonia. Uji biodegra - dasi dilakukan di dalam botol selama 60 hari. Karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan dari uji biodegradasi diserap oleh larutan natrium hidroksida 0,1 N. Karbon dioksida dititrasi dengan HCl 0,1 N dan menggunakan fenolftalein diikuti dengan metil jingga sebagai indikator. Karbon dioksida terdeteksi pada sampel bioplastik namun tidak terdeteksi pada sampel plastik konvensional.Bioplastik yang diperkaya dengan ekstrak  t ithonia menghasilkan tingkat biodegradasi yang lebih tinggi dari pada bioplastik tanpa ekstrak  t ithonia. Tingkat biodegradasi sampel bioplastik di tanah perkebunan adalah 0,068 mg CO 2 /hari dan 0,188 mg CO 2 /hari  masing-masing  untuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak  t ithonia. Biodegradasi sampel bioplastik selama 45 hari adalah 12,44% dan 28,07% berturut-turut untuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak  t ithonia. Biodegradasi keseluruhan bioplastik diperkirakan membutuh - kan waktu 244 hari dan 200 hari masing-masing untuk bioplastik tanpa dan dengan ekstrak  t ithonia . [Keywords:Tithonia diversifolia , biodegrad a i bi-litas, bioplastik, tanah perkebunan ].

http://mp.iribb.org/index.php/mpjurnal/article/download/293/pdf

Effect of Tithonia diversifolia extract on the biodegradability of the bioplastics in plantation soil (Pengaruh ekstrak Tithonia diversifolia terhadap biodegradabilitas bioplastik di tanah perkebunan)

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Isroi

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Bioplastic production from cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunch

Potensi In-Vivo Selulosa Bakterial Sebagai Nano-Filler Karet Elastomer Thermoplastics

Effect of Tithonia diversifolia extract on the biodegradability of the bioplastics in plantation soil (Pengaruh ekstrak Tithonia diversifolia terhadap biodegradabilitas bioplastik di tanah perkebunan)