Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instability induced flow, turbulence, and mixing. II

Perceived barriers and facilitators of mental health service utilization in adult trauma survivors: A systematic review.

neuropathologist. The book is concerned with the mechanism of eye movement and particularly "goal-directed behaviour." The translation reads well, and there are about 300 references of which a fifth are taken from the Russian literature. The chapters deal with structure and function of eye muscles, fixation, tracking, saccadic rftvements, convergence, and the higher cortical functions. Despite the conventional arrangement of the book it cannot be regarded as a satisfactory guide to modern knowledge of control of eye movements. Much of the text is concerned with the author's own observations. There are descriptions of disturbed eye movement in patients with aneurysm and other circulatory disorders which are attributed to local alterations in blood flow. Measurements of cerebral blood flow are correlated with "functional loads" such as optokinetic nystagmus and arithmetic. His observations on single motor unit discharge in the rabbit are given in some detail. There are various recordings of rapid eye tremor which do not accord with other publications. The book is well produced and the index is satisfactory. Its main value is in providing information about work in Russia and the attempts to develop a unifying concept to explain eye movement.

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/41/8/770.3.full.pdf

The Neurological Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant

Functions of bacteria and archaea participating in the bioconversion of organic waste for methane production.

It is not clear whether intrapartum asphyxia is an important factor in neonatal encephalopathy and seizures in term infants. Antenatal factors have been implicated, but there is no firm evidence that brain damage occurs in utero. This study examined the proposal that neonatal encephalopathy and early postnatal seizures, or both, are sequelae of early adverse antenatal events. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or autopsy was carried out in 351 full-term infants having encephalopathy and/or seizures within 72 hours of birth. Infants with major congenital malformations or known chromosomal disorders were excluded. The 261 infants placed in group 1 had a diagnosis of neonatal encephalopathy, with or without seizures, as well as evidence of perinatal asphyxia. The 90 group 2 infants presented with seizures but failed to meet diagnostic criteria for encephalopathy. Cerebral MRI disclosed evidence of acutely evolving lesions not related to established injury or atrophy in 80% of group 1 infants. These lesions, which usually were bilateral, were consistent with a hypoxic-ischemic insult. In addition to white matter, abnormalities were found in the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cortex. Only 2 group 1 infants, fewer than 1% of the total, had evidence of established injury. Three of 21 autopsies showed, in addition to an acutely evolving lesion, very small foci of established gliosis in the periventricular white matter. Acute ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions were found in 69% of group 2 infants. Two infants (3%) had, in addition, changes of antenatal injury. Thirteen of the 28 remaining group 2 infants had MRI findings of a specific nonhyoxic-ischemic condition. The other 15 infants had normal scans. Seven of 10 infants with no specific diagnosis continued to have seizures. Antenatal risk factors that were significantly more frequent in infants having apparent antenatal lesion or disorders of genetic or neurometabolic origin included a family history of seizures or neurologic disorder, low birth weight, head circumference below the 10th percentile, and low maternal age. In this study, more than 90% of term infants with neonatal encephalopathy and/or early seizures had evidence of a perinatally acquired insult. Established brain injuries acquired before birth were quite infrequent. The findings do not rule out the change that antenatal (or genetic) factors could predispose some infants to perinatal brain injury.

Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy

Background
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns: its prognosis depends both on the severity of the asphyxia and on the immediate resuscitation to restore oxygen supply and blood circulation. Therefore, we investigated whether measurement of S100B, a consolidated marker of brain injury, in salivary fluid of PA newborns may constitute a useful tool for the early detection of asphyxia-related brain injury.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115194&type=printable

Neurological Abnormalities in Full-Term Asphyxiated Newborns and Salivary S100B Testing: The “Cooperative Multitask against Brain Injury of Neonates” (CoMBINe) International Study

Background: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of permanent neurological disabilities in full-term newborns. We measured activin A in urine collected immediately after birth in asphyxiated full-term newborns, and assessed the ability of the measurements to predict the occurrence of perinatal encephalopathy.

Methods: We studied 30 infants with perinatal asphyxia and 30 healthy term neonates at the same gestational age. We recorded routine laboratory variables, cranial assessments by standard cerebral ultrasound, and the presence or absence of neurological abnormalities during the first 7 days after birth. Urinary activin A concentrations were measured at first urination and 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after birth.

Results: Asphyxiated infants were subdivided as follows: group A (n = 18): no or mild HIE with good prognosis and group B (n = 12): moderate or severe HIE with a greater risk of neurological handicap. Activin A concentrations in urine collected at birth (median collection time at first urination 0.08 μg/L at first urination in 10 of 12 patients with moderate or severe HIE but in none of 18 patients with no or mild HIE.

Conclusions: Activin A measurements in urine soon after birth may be a promising tool to identify which asphyxiated infants are at risk of neurological sequelae.

/pdf/high-urinary-concentrations-of-activin-a-in-asphyxiated-full-31en0xwco5.pdf

High Urinary Concentrations of Activin A in Asphyxiated Full-Term Newborns with Moderate or Severe Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

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Neurological Abnormalities in Full-Term Asphyxiated Newborns and Salivary S100B Testing: The “Cooperative Multitask against Brain Injury of Neonates” (CoMBINe) International Study

High Urinary Concentrations of Activin A in Asphyxiated Full-Term Newborns with Moderate or Severe Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy