textThis paper is an introduction to the special issue from the 3rd Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Conference held in Washington, D.C., in 2008. The paper has three objectives. First, to discuss the importance of the three stages of economic development, the factor-driven stage, the efficiency-driven stage and the innovation-driven stage. Second, to examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between stages of economic development and entrepreneurship. Third, to present a summary of the papers in the context of the theory.

Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions

The purpose of this study was to explore determinants that influence women entrepreneurs’ performance in micro and small enterprises in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia, and in turn contribute to entrepreneurship-related literature mainly in developing countries. The study employed an explanatory research design with agreement of primary data collection via a cross-sectional survey questionnaire followed by quantitative research approach. The sample of this study was 180 women entrepreneurs and selected using random sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that educational level, previous entrepreneurial experience, access to business training, access to finance, access to business information, government support, land ownership, and tax are significant in explaining women entrepreneurs’ performance in one hand. On the other side, however, age, marital status, access to market, and access to physical infrastructure are found to be insignificant variables in determining women entrepreneurs’ performance. The study used one time data for determinants like level of education, previous working experience, age, and profitability of the enterprise. Thus, due to frequent change in such variables, the study may not reflect the dynamics of the data, which would have a convincing influence on the conclusion. In addition, the research has only consisted of 180 samples. Moreover, such number may not represent the whole population of the entrepreneurs of Ethiopian MSEs. In future research, it is advisable to expand study factors, use interviews as a research tool, and make a comparison between women and men entrepreneurial performances. The paper might serve as an input for officials to consider such determinants and encourage an environment that increases women entrepreneurs’ performance. In addition, the study might help women entrepreneurs in addressing the factors affecting performance to take actions towards improving their performance and in turn contribute to job creation, wealth, innovation, and poverty alleviation. This study contributes to the literature on the determinants of women entrepreneurs’ performance in micro and small enterprises. Specifically, it tests the impact of educational level, age, marital status, previous entrepreneurial experience, access to business training, access to finance, access to business information, access to market, access to physical infrastructure, government support, land ownership, and tax on the performance of women entrepreneurs.

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Determinants that influence the performance of women entrepreneurs in micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia

This paper aims to illustrate the entrepreneurial performance of economies taking into account the variables present in the entrepreneurial framework conditions. The methodology used in the research is exploratory, descriptive and quantitative. We used a process that combines Factorial Analysis with Cluster Analysis. Considering the entrepreneurial framework variables conditions, our results indicate that there are four groups in economies: 1) Moderate Entrepreneurial Performance; 2) Emerging Entrepreneurial Performance; 3) High-Income Economies; and 4) Advanced Entrepreneurial Economies. Our research also denotes where economies need to develop new policies to improve their entrepreneurial performance and competitiveness. This research brings new contributions to science and existing literature as it helps to understand and clarify the entrepreneurial performance of economies relative to entrepreneurial framework conditions.

Entrepreneurial dynamics and government policies to boost entrepreneurship performance

This study aims to assess the impacts of entrepreneurial framework conditions on economic growth based on the level of economic development in transition-driven economies and innovation-driven economies. The data were organised into a panel (2000–2019) and obtained from the National Expert Survey (NES), the Global Monitor Entrepreneurship (GEM), and the World Bank. By applying the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation, we found that R&D transfer has a negative impact on economic growth that is innovation-driven, but positively impacts transition-driven economies. The results further highlighted that regardless of the level of development of the country, business and professional infrastructure do not positively impact economic growth. However, taxes and bureaucracy and physical and service infrastructure were shown to positively impact only innovation-driven economies, as in transition-driven economies, they were shown to have negative impacts on economic growth. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the link between economic growth and the conditions for entrepreneurship in economies with different degrees of economic growth. This study can serve as a basis for policy makers to adjust or develop new policies to accelerate economic growth.

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The Impacts of the Entrepreneurial Conditions on Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries

This article examines the role of entrepreneurial behaviour, property rights and state effectiveness as determinants of national innovation. Entrepreneurial behaviour reflects not only risk‐bearing and risk‐sharing attitudes but also the capacity to undertake innovation activities. Besides, institutions also play an important role in formalising entrepreneurial behaviour that is crucial for a country's innovation. A comparison is made among three groups of countries—that is, factor‐driven, efficiency‐driven and innovation‐driven economies. Panel‐data econometric techniques are applied to undertake empirical analysis, using macro‐level data covering a time period of 7 years (2010–2016). It is observed that entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial activities play an important role in determining innovation but the impact varies with the level of economic development. A U‐shaped relationship is observed between innovation and entrepreneurial activities. Innovation‐driven economies have strong property rights and effective policy implementation that help build the confidence of prospective entrepreneurs who are attracted by perceived opportunities. Therefore, perceived opportunities have a significant impact only in innovation‐driven economies. Moreover, innovation is highly suppressed in fragile countries, that is, factor‐driven economies that face serious market distortions and inefficiencies caused by weak property rights and state ineffectiveness. However, no significant relationship is found in efficiency‐driven economies.

State effectiveness, property rights and entrepreneurial behaviour as determinants of National Innovation

Entrepreneurship is a vehicle of growth and job creation. Approaches taken to encourage entrepreneurship vary around the world based on cultural norms, market conditions, and economic circumstances. Entrepreneurial ecosystems are generally comprised of the government, which builds rules and regulations to support entrepreneurship, the angel and venture capital industry, which provide necessary startup and growth capital to support entrepreneurship, the financial market, which provides financial incentives and exit routes for startups, and finally the entrepreneurs, who form teams and start companies. In present study, we investigate causal relationships between the conditions of economic efficiency ensuring framework and different macroeconomic effects of entrepreneurship, mediated by the entrepreneurial behavior, in the panel of 97 countries based on factor, efficiency and innovationdriven countries during 2008-2017. Using a MIMIC model, we find that a national efficiencyenhancing framework such as entrepreneurial finance, government policy, government supportive programs, entrepreneurship based education, Research and Development (R&D) transfer, commercial and legal infrastructure, internal market dynamics, internal market burden, physical infrastructure, cultural and social norms, act as stimulants for the entrepreneurial behavior of entrepreneurs. While a superior level of entrepreneurial behavior generates simultaneous and/or medium-term favorable effects on the growth of gross domestic product, exports, imports and employment. Therefore, besides immediate growth, assure sustainable economic and social progress in the analyzed countries. Our result also confirms previous findings of other empirical studies in the field. These findings are consistent with received economic theorizing on how national context affects entrepreneurial activity.

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Macroeconomic Effects of Entrepreneurship: Evidences from Factor, Efficiency and Innovation Driven Countries

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Macroeconomic Effects of Entrepreneurship: Evidences from Factor, Efficiency and Innovation Driven Countries