(1→3)-β-d-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships

A number of polysaccharides with beta-glycosidic linkage are widespread in nature in a variety of sources. All have a common structure and the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan backbone is essential. They have attracted attention over the years because of their bioactive and medicinal properties. In many cases their functional role is a mystery, in others it is well established. Because of their insoluble chemical nature, particulate (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans are not suitable for many medical applications. Various methods of changing or modifying the beta-D-glucan chemical structure and transforming it to a soluble form have been published. The beta-D-glucan bioactive properties can be affected positively or negatively by such modifications. This review examines beta-glucan sources in nature, health effects and structure-activity relationships. It presents the current state of beta-D-glucan solubilization methods and discusses their effectiveness and application possibilities for the future.

Natural and Modified (1→3)-β-D-Glucans in Health Promotion and Disease Alleviation

Beta-glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They are a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, some bacteria, and sea weeds. The recognition of conserved microbial structures is a key aspect of metazoan immunity, and β-glucans are emerging as major target for the recognition of fungal pathogens. However, the receptors and mechanisms by which this is achieved differ significantly between vertebrates and invertebrates. In this review, we will highlight the known receptors for β-glucans and will discuss the various immune responses they can initiate, with some applications of these products, in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

Beta-glucans as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Schizophyllan: A review on its structure, properties, bioactivities and recent developments

Observations by transmission electron microscopy of wood samples of Populus tremula inoculated with the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium showed that, at certain stages of their growth cycle, hyphae were encapsulated by a sheath which seems to play an active role in the wood cell wall degradation. Chemical and immunochemical techniques and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were applied to demonstrate the β-1,3-1,6-d-glucan nature of the sheath. Double-staining methods revealed the interaction between the extracellular peroxidases involved in lignin degradation and the glucan mucilage. The glucan was also shown to establish a material junction between the fungus and the wood cell wall. It was concluded that, by means of these interactions, the sheath provides a transient junction between the hyphae and the wood, thus establishing a point of attachment to the site of the degradation. The association of peroxidases to the glucan matrix is in favor of the role of the sheath as a supporting structure. Furthermore, that the sheath was hydrolyzed during the attack demonstrated its active role both in providing the H2O2 necessary to the action of peroxidases and in providing a mode of transport of the fungal enzymes to their substrates at the surface of the wood cell wall.

https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/57/2/374.full.pdf

Involvement of an Extracellular Glucan Sheath during Degradation of Populus Wood by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Several polysaccharides have been isolated from the cell walls of Phytophthora parasitica, a phytopathogenic fungus of carnation. The crude polysaccharides were fractionated by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-25, concanavalin-A-Sepharose and Sephadex G-200 columns. The neutral polysaccharides consist of a mixture of beta(1----3, 1----6)-D-glucans whose relative molecular masses varied from 9000 to about 200 000. All these polysaccharides have a main chain of beta(1----3)-linked D-glucose residues. They differ by the presence of 1----6 branched chains consisting of D-glucose and D-Glc-(1----3)-D-Glc, for the lowest molecular mass polysaccharides or D-Glc-(1----3)-D-Glc-(1---3)-D-Glc for the highest molecular mass polysaccharides.

Isolement et étude structurale de glucanes de Phytophthora parasitica

Antitumor active beta-D-glucans from Phytophthora parasitica.

Early observations suggested that neutral polysaccharides from parasitic fungi could be universal elicitors of plant defence reactions [1]. However, more recent findings have indicated that unsaturated fatty acids and lipoconjugates are the active elicitors of phytoalexin accumulation in potato tubers [2]. But arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids are not universal elicitors either: they induce phytoalexin accumulation in potato and pepper, but not in twelve other plant species surveyed, including other Solanaceae, tobacco and tomato [3].

Differential Elicitation Activities of Fractions from Phytophthora Spp. On Several Host-Plants

Divers traitements de la paroi du champignon phytopathogene Phytophthora parasitica fournissent des extraits hydrosolubles capables d'eliciter chez l'œillet l'accumulation de phytoalexines derivees de l'acide N-benzoylanthranilique: la dianthalexine et la dianthramide A. L'extrait S1 obtenu par autoclavage de la paroi dans l'eau est quantitativement le plus actif. Il contient des proteines (54%), des polysaccharides et des traces de lipides...

/pdf/isolement-composition-et-activite-elicitrice-chez-l-oeillet-287fdlfoyg.pdf

Isolement, composition et activité élicitrice chez l'oeillet de fractions extraites de la paroi de Phytophthora parasitica Dastur

Un extrait mycelien provenant de Phytophthora capsici est capable d'induire une protection des cotyledons de piment vis-a-vis de ce meme parasite. Cet extrait est constitue d'acides gras, de fractions hydrosolubles renfermant du phosphore, des glucanes et des proteines, ainsi que des fractions lipidiques phosphorylees. Seule l'une de ces dernieres contient l'activite biologique initiale

Mise en évidence et activité biologique, chez Capsicum annuum (Piment), d'un inducteur de résistance isolé du mycélium de Phytophthora capsici (Mildiou)

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