物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Debugging is made difficult by the need to precisely describe what each piece of the software is supposed to do, and to write code to defend modules against the errors of other modules; if this is not done it is difficult to assign blame to a small part of the program when things go wrong. Similarly, unit testing also needs precise descriptions of behavior, and is made difficult by the need to write test oracles. However, debugging and testing consume a significant fraction of the cost of software development and maintenance efforts. Inadequate debugging and testing also contribute to quality problems. We describe a runtime assertion checker for the Java Modeling Language (JML) that helps in assigning blame during debugging and in automatic generation of test oracles. It represents a significant advance over the current state of the art, because it can deal with very abstract specifications which hide representation details, and other features such as quantifiers, and inheritance of specifications. Yet JML specifications have a syntax that is easily understood by programmers. Thus, JML’s runtime assertion checker has the potential for decreasing the cost of debugging and testing.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1569&context=rtd

A Runtime Assertion Checker for the Java Modeling Language (JML)

As of today, model-based testing (MBT) is considered as leading-edge technology in industry. We sketch the different MBT variants that - according to our experience - are currently applied in practice, with special emphasis on the avionic, railway and automotive domains. The key factors for successful industrial-scale application of MBT are described, both from a scientific and a managerial point of view. With respect to the former view, we describe the techniques for automated test case, test data and test procedure generation for concurrent reactive real-time systems which are considered as the most important enablers for MBT in practice. With respect to the latter view, our experience with introducing MBT approaches in testing teams are sketched. Finally, the most challenging open scientific problems whose solutions are bound to improve the acceptance and effectiveness of MBT in industry are discussed.

Industrial-Strength Model-Based Testing - State of the Art and Current Challenges

Metamorphic testing has been shown to be a simple yet effective technique in addressing the quality assurance of applications that do not have test oracles, i.e., for which it is difficult or impossible to know what the correct output should be for arbitrary input. In metamorphic testing, existing test case input is modified to produce new test cases in such a manner that, when given the new input, the application should produce an output that can easily be computed based on the original output. That is, if input x produces output f(x), then we create input x' such that we can predict f(x') based on f(x); if the application does not produce the expected output, then a defect must exist, and either f(x), or f(x') (or both) is wrong.In practice, however, metamorphic testing can be a manually intensive technique for all but the simplest cases. The transformation of input data can be laborious for large data sets, or practically impossible for input that is not in human-readable format. Similarly, comparing the outputs can be error-prone for large result sets, especially when slight variations in the results are not actually indicative of errors (i.e., are false positives), for instance when there is non-determinism in the application and multiple outputs can be considered correct.In this paper, we present an approach called Automated Metamorphic System Testing. This involves the automation of metamorphic testing at the system level by checking that the metamorphic properties of the entire application hold after its execution. The tester is able to easily set up and conduct metamorphic tests with little manual intervention, and testing can continue in the field with minimal impact on the user. Additionally, we present an approach called Heuristic Metamorphic Testing which seeks to reduce false positives and address some cases of non-determinism. We also describe an implementation framework called Amsterdam, and present the results of empirical studies in which we demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique on real-world programs without test oracles.

/pdf/automatic-system-testing-of-programs-without-test-oracles-vohv2zm18z.pdf

Automatic system testing of programs without test oracles

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Overview of Testing. 2. The Software Development Lifecycle. 3. Overview of Structured Testing. 4. Testing Strategy. 5. Test Planning. 6. Static Testing. 7. Functional Testing. 8. Structural (Non-functional) Testing. 9. Performance Testing. 10. The Testing Environment . 11. Automated Testing Tools . 12. Analyzing and Interpreting Test Results. 13. A Full Software Development Lifecycle Testing Project. 14. Testing Complex Applications . 15. Future Directions in Testing. References. References. Index.

Software Testing: Testing Across the Entire Software Development Life Cycle

Executing thorough test suites allows programmers to strengthen the confidence on their software systems. However, given some failed test cases, finding the faults' locations can be a difficult task, thereby techniques that make it easier for the programmer to locate the faulty components are much desirable. In this paper we focus on finding faults in object-oriented, more precisely Java, implementations of data types that are described by algebraic specifications. We capitalize on models for the specification under study and JUnit test suites that cover all axioms of the specification, and present a collection of techniques and underlying methodology, that give the programmer, in a transparent way, a means to locate the fault that causes the implementation to violate the specification. We also present a comparative experiment that was carried out to evaluate this approach where very encouraging results were obtained.

/pdf/a-5-step-hunt-for-faults-in-java-implementations-of-35mrdb5sny.pdf

A 5-Step Hunt for Faults in Java Implementations of Algebraic Specifications

From description-logic programs to multi-context systems

Continuous queries over data streams may suffer from blocking operations and/or unbound wait, which may delay answers until some relevant input arrives through the data stream. These delays may turn answers, when they arrive, obsolete to users who sometimes have to make decisions with no help whatsoever. Therefore, it can be useful to provide hypothetical answers - "given the current information, it is possible that X will become true at time t" - instead of no information at all. 
In this paper we present a semantics for queries and corresponding answers that covers such hypothetical answers, together with an online algorithm for updating the set of facts that are consistent with the currently available information.

pdf/hypothetical-answers-to-continuous-queries-over-data-streams-47lz9r8pxf.pdf

Hypothetical answers to continuous queries over data streams.

The development of accessible mobile applications has become a great challenge for accessibility experts since aging affects users’ capabilities Among them, the most frequent is that of visual impairment, specifically low vision Currently, many mobile applications help with daily activities, but not all are accessible, which means that a large number of users cannot easily access and interact with them To test accessibility in mobile applications, Google has an Accessibility Scanner for Android which is a tool that helps to verify the compliance with the accessibility guidelines proposed by the WCAG 21 A case study is presented that applies this tool to the development of a mobile application for the sports center “Crossfit Coyote Fitness” This research addresses the limitations of this method, contributing to future studies related to accessibility methods for mobile applications in achieving more inclusive applications

Toward Accessible Mobile Application Development for Users with Low Vision.

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A 5-Step Hunt for Faults in Java Implementations of Algebraic Specifications

From description-logic programs to multi-context systems

Hypothetical answers to continuous queries over data streams.

Toward Accessible Mobile Application Development for Users with Low Vision.