Targeted drug delivery is one of the attractive ways in which cancer treatment can significantly reduce side effects. In the last two decades, the use of antibodies as a tool for accurate detection of cancer has been noted. On the other hand, the binding of drugs and carriers containing drugs to the specific antibodies of cancer cells can specifically target only these cells. However, the use of whole antibodies brings challenges, including their large size, the complexity of conjugation, the high cost of production, and the creation of immunogenic reactions in the body. The use of nanobodies, or VHHs, which are a small part of camel heavy chain antibodies, is very popular due to their small size, high craftsmanship, and low production cost. In this article, in addition to a brief overview of the structure and characteristics of nanobodies, the use of this molecule in the targeted drug delivery of breast cancer has been reviewed. 

Targeted drug delivery using nanobodies to deliver effective molecules to breast cancer cells: the most attractive application of nanobodies

CDCT was associated with higher survival rates compared with HDCT, though the differences were not statistically significant. Larger prospective studies are needed to directly compare these strategies and guide personalised treatment selection in relapsed GCT. 

pdf/systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-management-of-9419zh64a57t.pdf

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Management of Relapsed Germ Cell Tumours Following Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy

pdf/epidemiology-and-outcomes-associated-with-brain-metastases-595a750if501.pdf

Epidemiology and outcomes associated with brain metastases among patients with metastatic breast cancer – a cohort study in US electronic health record data

Extragonadal germ cell tumours have a more unfavourable prognosis than gonadal germ cell tumours. We aimed to evaluate the survival analysis, response rates, and factors affecting responses to high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with relapsed/refractory extragonadal germ cell tumours. 

Salvage Treatment for Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumours: High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes—A Single-Centre Experience

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant (HDCT) is potentially curative for patients with refractory germ cell tumors (rGCT). There is scarce real-world data supporting its implementation in low- and middle-income countries. We described the experience of our tertiary cancer center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. <h3>Methods</h3> We identified male patients ≥18 years-old with rGCT referred to HDCT after board discussion. Clinical data, including delays in HDCT protocol, were extracted from medical records, and survival outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard were used to determine effects on overall survival (OS). <h3>Results</h3> From January 2013 to January 2023, 34 patients were referred and considered eligible to receive 2 cycles of HDCT. Most patients had primary testicular tumors (82%), nonseminomatous histology (88%), and poor International Germ Cell Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) (79%). Twenty-three patients received HDCT (1 cycle, n=8; 2 cycles, n=15). Main reasons for not receiving any HDCT were death due to progressive disease (n=1), performance deterioration (n=7), and failure of stem cell mobilization (n=3). OS at 2 years was 36.7% for the eligible population, 56.1% for patients who underwent at least 1 HDCT, and 77.1% for those who had ≥2 cycles. The 2-year OS rate for patients not given HDCT was 0%. All patients had delays in protocol, and poor-risk patients had longer intervals from referral to protocol initiation (0.7 vs. 1.8 month, p <0.01). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Outcomes of patients who received ≥1 HDCT were encouraging; however, only 15 from 34 eligible patients were able to receive the planned 2 cycles of HDCT. Further strategies to minimize treatment delays in low- and middle-income countries are needed. 

High Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Patients with Advanced Germ Cell Tumors: Real-World Evidence from a Tertiary Cancer Center in Brazil

Trodelvy use in advanced triple negative breast cancer in Australia (TRACIE): Study design and interim analysis.

To report treatment patterns and survival outcomes of patients with relapsed and refractory metastatic germ cell tumours (GCTs) treated with high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem‐cell transplantation in low‐volume specialized centres within the widely dispersed populations of Australia and New Zealand between 1999 and 2019.

High‐dose chemotherapy for relapsed germ cell tumours: outcomes in low‐volume specialized centres

Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Brain Metastases Secondary to HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: An Australian Multi-centre Registry-based Study.

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Papers

Trodelvy use in advanced triple negative breast cancer in Australia (TRACIE): Study design and interim analysis.

High‐dose chemotherapy for relapsed germ cell tumours: outcomes in low‐volume specialized centres

Real-World Outcomes in Patients With Brain Metastases Secondary to HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: An Australian Multi-centre Registry-based Study.