In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

Many current neurophysiological, psychophysical, and psychological approaches to vision rest on the idea that when we see, the brain produces an internal representation of the world. The activation of this internal representation is assumed to give rise to the experience of seeing. The problem with this kind of approach is that it leaves unexplained how the existence of such a detailed internal representation might produce visual consciousness. An alternative proposal is made here. We propose that seeing is a way of acting. It is a particular way of exploring the environment. Activity in internal representations does not generate the experience of seeing. The outside world serves as its own, external, representation. The experience of seeing occurs when the organism masters what we call the governing laws of sensorimotor contingency. The advantage of this approach is that it provides a natural and principled way of accounting for visual consciousness, and for the differences in the perceived quality of sensory experience in the different sensory modalities. Several lines of empirical evidence are brought forward in support of the theory, in particular: evidence from experiments in sensorimotor adaptation, visual \"filling in,\" visual stability despite eye movements, change blindness, sensory substitution, and color perception.

A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness-Authors' Response-Acting out our sensory experience

The change of very first chart on page 91 was quite impressive and made me interest of the concept of maximizing data ink ratio. Today, unlike the period of 1980s, we have great quad processing computer that can do all the graphical designs using its own GPU which results in realistic visual on 3Ds. Even though I agree this theory of maximizing data ink ratio, I think some decoration is quite necessary to emphasize the data you are retrieving.

The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

http://jhenderson.org/vclab/PDF_Pubs/Henderson_TICS_2003.pdf

Human gaze control during real-world scene perception

Thestages ofintegration leading fromlocal feature analysis toobject recognition wereexplored inhuman visual cortex byusing thetechnique offunctional magnetic resonance imaging. Herewereport evidence forobject-related activation. Suchactivation waslocated atthelateral-posterior aspect oftheoccipital lobe, just abutting theposterior aspect ofthemotion-sensitive areaMT/V5,inaregion termed the lateral occipital complex (LO). LOshowedpreferential acti- vation toimages ofobjects, compared toawiderangeof texture patterns. Thisactivation wasnotcaused byaglobal difference intheFourier spatial frequency content ofobjects versus texture images, since object images produced enhanced LOactivation compared totextures matched inpowerspectra butrandomized inphase. Thepreferential activation toob- jects alsocould notbeexplained bydifferent patterns ofeye movements: similar levels ofactivation wereobserved when subjects fixated ontheobjects andwhentheyscanned the objects withtheir eyes. Additional manipulations suchas spatial frequency filtering anda4-fold change invisual size didnotaffect LO activation. Theseresults' suggest thatthe enhanced responses toobjects werenotamanifestation of low-level visual processing. A striking demonstration that activity inLOisuniquely correlated toobject detectability was produced bythe"Lincoln" illusion, inwhichblurring of objects digitized intolarge blocks paradoxically increases their recognizability. Suchblurring ledtosignificant en- hancement ofLOactivation. Despite thepreferential activa- tion toobjects, LO didnotseemtobeinvolved inthefinal, "semantic," stages oftherecognition process. Thus,objects varying widely intheir recognizability (e.g., famous faces, commonobjects, andunfamiliar three-dimensional abstract sculptures) activated ittoasimilar degree. Theseresults are thusevidence foranintermediate linkinthechainofpro- cessing stages leading toobject recognition inhumanvisual cortex.

/pdf/object-related-activity-revealed-byfunctional-magnetic-1a8vllt6eu.pdf

Object-related activity revealed byfunctional magnetic resonance imaging inhumanoccipital cortex

In written and spoken communications, figures of speech (e.g., metaphors and synecdoche) are often used as an aid to help convey abstract or less tangible concepts. However, the benefits of using rhetorical illustrations or embellishments in visualization have so far been inconclusive. In this work, we report an empirical study to evaluate hypotheses that visual embellishments may aid memorization, visual search and concept comprehension. One major departure from related experiments in the literature is that we make use of a dual-task methodology in our experiment. This design offers an abstraction of typical situations where viewers do not have their full attention focused on visualization (e.g., in meetings and lectures). The secondary task introduces “divided attention”, and makes the effects of visual embellishments more observable. In addition, it also serves as additional masking in memory-based trials. The results of this study show that visual embellishments can help participants better remember the information depicted in visualization. On the other hand, visual embellishments can have a negative impact on the speed of visual search. The results show a complex pattern as to the benefits of visual embellishments in helping participants grasp key concepts from visualization.

/pdf/an-empirical-study-on-using-visual-embellishments-in-1qj0ogimsx.pdf

An Empirical Study on Using Visual Embellishments in Visualization

What makes icons appealing? The role of processing fluency in predicting icon appeal in different task contexts

The current studies examined the effect of aesthetic appeal on performance. According to one hypothesis, appeal would lead to overall decrements or enhancements in performance [e.g. Sonderegger & Sauer, (Applied Ergonomics, 41, 403–410, 2010)]. Alternatively, appeal might influence performance only in problem situations, such as when the task is difficult [e.g. Norman, (2004)]. The predictions of these hypotheses were examined in the context of an icon search-and-localisation task. Icons were used because they are well-defined stimuli and pervasive to modern everyday life. When search was made difficult using visually complex stimuli (Experiment 1), or abstract and unfamiliar stimuli (Experiment 2), icons that were appealing were found more quickly than their unappealing counterparts. These findings show that in a low-level visual processing task, with demand characteristics related to appeal eliminated, appeal can influence performance, especially under duress.

Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0794-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

/pdf/when-the-going-gets-tough-the-beautiful-get-going-aesthetic-2z4e3hynd5.pdf

When the going gets tough the beautiful get going: aesthetic appeal facilitates task performance.

Until recently the guiding tenet in human-computer interaction was that any interface must be easy to learn and use. However, it has been increasingly recognized that the appeal of the interface to the user and their enjoyment of it is also important. The aim of the current study was to examine the nature of the relationships between icon characteristics, user performance, and aesthetic appeal. When participants were asked to rate the appeal of a corpus of icons, it was found that the same icon characteristics predicted appeal as those predicting user performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the remarkable similarity in the factors determining appeal and usability are discussed.

/pdf/why-do-i-like-it-the-relationships-between-icon-2xoomy5zoe.pdf

Why do I like it? The relationships between icon characteristics, user performance and aesthetic appeal

Recently, Vecera, Behrmann, and McGoldrick (2000), using a divided-attention task, reported that targets are detected more accurately when they occur on the same structural part of an object, suggesting that attention can be directed toward object-internal features. We present converging evidence using the object-based inhibition of return (IOR) paradigm as an implicit measure of selection. The results show that IOR is attenuated when cues and targets appear on the same part of an object relative to when they are separated by a part boundary. These findings suggest that object-based mechanisms of selection can operate over shape representations that make explicit information about objectinternal structure.

/pdf/the-modulation-of-inhibition-of-return-by-objectinternal-282tqs2kzl.pdf

The modulation of inhibition of return by objectinternal structure: Implications for theories of object-based attentional selection

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