The duration of the second stage of labor.

Normal labor in vertex presentation.

Several techniques of measuring fundal height have been described in the literature. Differences between the measurement techniques include the following: whether a tape measure or caliper is used to obtain the measurement; whether the uppermost border of the uterine fundus or the fetal pole in the fundus should be used as the superior landmark; which point on the symphysis pubis should be used as the inferior landmark; whether the tape measure should be held in contact with the skin of the maternal abdomen throughout the length of the measurement; and whether the measurement is obtained in the midline of the maternal abdomen or at the highest point of the uterine fundus or fetal pole. Preliminary studies indicate that the various measurement techniques yield different results. However, the differences between the measurement techniques have not been studied adequately and the superiority of one measurement technique has not been demonstrated. Because the various measurement techniques yield different results, it is important that clinicians be consistent in their measurement technique. Future studies should evaluate and compare the various measurement techniques to determine if one technique yields measurements that are more reliable and valid than other techniques.

Fundal height measurement: Part 1—Techniques for measuring fundal height

Multiple births in Igbo women

This study examined the use of selected medical procedures in low-risk women during childbirth. Data from the 1980 National Natality Survey merged with an American Hospital Association annual survey for the same year were used to assess the frequency with which low-risk women in the United States received certain childbirth procedures and to determine whether their use varied by the hospital setting for birth. Stratified analysis was used to assess the relation of hospital level for delivery with the use of electronic fetal monitoring, labor induction, and primary cesarean delivery in low-risk women, with control for potential confounding factors. As the level of available perinatal technology increased, the use of these procedures increased. Results of the study suggest that low-risk women may have received excess interventions and confirm the need for further examination of care procedures for this group.

Hospital setting for birth and use of medical procedures in low-risk women.

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Synopsis of Obstetrics

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Synopsis of Obstetrics