Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal responses to abiotic stresses: A review.

Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science behind the risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms. The current risk assessment scheme is reviewed, taking into account new regulatory frameworks and scientific developments. Proposals are made for specific protection goals for in-soil organisms being key drivers for relevant ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes such as nutrient cycling, soil structure, pest control and biodiversity. Considering the time-scales and biological processes related to the dispersal of the majority of in-soil organisms compared to terrestrial non-target arthropods living above soil, the Panel proposes that in-soil environmental risk assessments are made at in- and off-field scale considering field boundary levels. A new testing strategy which takes into account the relevant exposure routes for in-soil organisms and the potential direct and indirect effects is proposed. In order to address species recovery and long-term impacts of PPPs, the use of population models is also proposed.

Scientific Opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of plant protection products for in-soil organisms

Pesticides are applied in large quantities to agroecosystems worldwide. To date, few studies assessed the occurrence of pesticides in organically managed agricultural soils, and it is unresolved whether these pesticide residues affect soil life. We screened 100 fields under organic and conventional management with an analytical method containing 46 pesticides (16 herbicides, 8 herbicide transformation products, 17 fungicides, seven insecticides). Pesticides were found in all sites, including 40 organic fields. The number of pesticide residues was two times and the concentration nine times higher in conventional compared to organic fields. Pesticide number and concentrations significantly decreased with the duration of organic management. Even after 20 years of organic agriculture, up to 16 different pesticide residues were present. Microbial biomass and specifically the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a widespread group of beneficial plant symbionts, were significantly negatively linked to the amount of pesticide residues in soil. This indicates that pesticide residues, in addition to abiotic factors such as pH, are a key factor determining microbial soil life in agroecosystems. This comprehensive study demonstrates that pesticides are a hidden reality in agricultural soils, and our results suggest that they have harmful effects on beneficial soil life.

Widespread Occurrence of Pesticides in Organically Managed Agricultural Soils-the Ghost of a Conventional Agricultural Past?

Effects of herbicide on non-target microorganisms: Towards a new class of biomarkers?

Reports of the Technical Working Groups Established under the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection.Vol. III.: Organic Matter.

Effects of nicosulfuron on the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi used as indicators of pesticide soil microbial toxicity

Pesticides impact soil microorganisms in various ways. Despite the pivotal role of the latter in ecosystem functioning, the assessment of pesticides soil microbial toxicity is lagging behind the recent methodological advances in microbial ecology. We investigated the impact of nicosulfuron, a low dose sulfonylurea herbicide, on the structure, abundance and function of the soil microbial community using standardized methodologies (PLFAs, taxa-specific qPCR and enzyme activities). For this purpose a Tiered approach involving assessment i) at extreme, long term (five repeated application cycles) exposure schemes in a microcosm experiment conducted under greenhouse conditions (x0, x10, x100 and x1000 the recommended dose, Tier I) and ii) at realistic field exposure scenarios (x0, x1, x2 and x5, Tier II) was followed. Significant reductions in the abundance of Gram negative (β-proteobacteria, planctomycetes) and Gram positive bacteria (actinobacteria) were indicated by both PLFA and qPCR analyses at low soil concentrations of nicosulfuron (0.25–1 μg g −1 ), while a reduction of fungi at equally low levels of nicosulfuron in soil was found only by qPCR analysis. C- and P-cycling enzymes were particularly sensitive even at low soil concentration of the herbicide (0–1 μg g −1 ). In contrast, no inhibitory effects of nicosufluron at field conditions were found. The only exception was cellobiohydrolase which were impaired at herbicide rates higher than the recommended. We suggest that the use of a tiered microcosm-to-field experimentation combined with the application of standardized methodologies could provide a comprehensive assessment of the soil microbial toxicity of pesticides.

A tiered assessment approach based on standardized methods to estimate the impact of nicosulfuron on the abundance and function of the soil microbial community

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Effects of nicosulfuron on the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi used as indicators of pesticide soil microbial toxicity

A tiered assessment approach based on standardized methods to estimate the impact of nicosulfuron on the abundance and function of the soil microbial community