SUMMARY Biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters are rapidly colonized by microorganisms. Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous advantages to these organisms and support critical ecological and biogeochemical functions in the changing marine environment. Microbial surface association also contributes to deleterious effects such as biofouling, biocorrosion, and the persistence and transmission of harmful or pathogenic microorganisms and their genetic determinants. The processes and mechanisms of colonization as well as key players among the surface-associated microbiota have been studied for several decades. Accumulating evidence indicates that specific cell-surface, cell-cell, and interpopulation interactions shape the composition, structure, spatiotemporal dynamics, and functions of surface-associated microbial communities. Several key microbial processes and mechanisms, including (i) surface, population, and community sensing and signaling, (ii) intraspecies and interspecies communication and interaction, and (iii) the regulatory balance between cooperation and competition, have been identified as critical for the microbial surface association lifestyle. In this review, recent progress in the study of marine microbial surface colonization and biofilm development is synthesized and discussed. Major gaps in our knowledge remain. We pose questions for targeted investigation of surface-specific community-level microbial features, answers to which would advance our understanding of surface-associated microbial community ecology and the biogeochemical functions of these communities at levels from molecular mechanistic details through systems biological integration.

Microbial Surface Colonization and Biofilm Development in Marine Environments

https://faculty.uml.edu/david_ryan/84.653/Course%20Material/lecture20/MarineSnowGels.pdf

The oceanic gel phase: a bridge in the DOM-POM continuum

Review of metal sulphide precipitation

Analysis of marine environmental conditions based onmolybdenum–uranium covariation—Applications to Mesozoic paleoceanography

Contrasting molybdenum cycling and isotopic properties in euxinic versus non-euxinic sediments and sedimentary rocks: Refining the paleoproxies

New model for molybdenum behavior in euxinic waters

Determination of elemental sulphur, sulphide and their mixtures in electrolyte solutions by a.c. voltammetry

Reduced sulfur and iron species in anoxic water column of meromictic crater Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France)

Most stratified sulfidic holomictic lakes become oxygenated after annual turnover. In contrast, Lake Rogoznica, on the eastern Adriatic coast, has been observed to undergo a period of water column anoxia after water layer mixing and establishment of holomictic conditions. Although Lake Rogoznica's chemistry and hydrography have been studied extensively, it is unclear how the microbial communities typically inhabiting the oxic epilimnion and a sulfidic hypolimnion respond to such a drastic shift in redox conditions. We investigated the impact of anoxic holomixis on microbial diversity and microbially mediated sulfur cycling in Lake Rogoznica with an array of culture-independent microbiological methods. Our data suggest a tight coupling between the lake's chemistry and occurring microorganisms. During stratification, anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur bacteria were dominant at the chemocline and in the hypolimnion. After an anoxic mixing event, the anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur bacteria entirely disappeared, and the homogeneous, anoxic water column was dominated by a bloom of gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizers related to the GSO/SUP05 clade. This study is the first report of a community shift from phototrophic to chemotrophic sulfide oxidizers as a response to anoxic holomictic conditions in a seasonally stratified seawater lake.

Community shift from phototrophic to chemotrophic sulfide oxidation following anoxic holomixis in a stratified seawater lake

Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) has been used for the direct determination of thiosulfate in the mixture with other sulfur species (sulfide, elemental sulfur) in 0.5 M NaCl/3 × 10−2 M NaHCO3, pH 8.3 as supporting electrolyte and in natural seawater samples. The determination is based on anodic depolarization reaction between sulfur and the mercury electrode. Investigations were carried out over wide concentration ranges, from 10−8 to 10−4 M of sulfide and 10−6 to 10−4 M of thiosulfate in the solution. In seawater conditions (pH 8.3) thiosulfate displays a voltammetric peak at about −0.15 V, and sulfide and/or elemental sulfur between −0.6 and −0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Based on the appearance of the voltammetric peaks of thiosulfate and sulfide at different potentials, and using different experimental conditions, i.e., accumulation at different starting potentials [E = 0 or E = −0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl)], a method for the direct determination of thiosulfate and sulfide in the mixture has been proposed. The direct method of thiosulfate determination in seawater can be used if the concentrations of sulfide are lower than 5 × 10−5 M. Higher concentrations of sulfide have to be decreased by acidifying and degassing the sample to prevent interferences. The method was applied for the analysis of sulfur species in marine samples from anoxic environment.

Electrochemical determination of thiosulfate in seawater in the presence of elemental sulfur and sulfide

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