The Paranoid Style in American Politics. And Other Essays

China has become the second largest economy in the world in a historically unprecedented space of time. Subsequently, China has begun to exert a form of geoeconomic influence that is changi...

Geoeconomics with Chinese characteristics: the BRI and China’s evolving grand strategy

Water Contamination and Human Health Risks in Pakistan: A Review

Fuel cell technology holds the combination of benefits, which are barely offered by any other energy generating technology. Because the fuel used in this technology is found in abundance in nature and can also be renewed/sustained. Pakistan is blessed with renewable energy resources which are suitable for fuel cell technology. Therefore, fuel cell technology offers a great opportunity to meet the demand of energy and for the sustainable development of Pakistan. The energy research group at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore has made efforts to study the technical aspects of fuel cell technology and its commercial benefits. The research group is interested in finding ways and means of generating and storing the energy produced by using fuel cells. In this paper, the research activities on fuel cell technology in Pakistan have been reviewed and it is also discussed how this technology can resolve the current energy crises in Pakistan and can be the source of sustainable energy. It has been also reviewed that the country would greatly benefit from fuel cells and fuel cell hybrid system (environmental friendly technology), which could be the best solution for electricity production as well for automobile industry.

Fuel cell technology for sustainable development in Pakistan – An over-view

The Political System of Pakistan

Water is essential for sustaining the life on earth. Achieving the food supply and improving the quality of life totally depend on the availability of fresh water. The decreasing quantity and increasing demand of fresh water widen the gap between its availability and demand. This gap could be fulfilled by constructing additional water reservoir. There is continuous rift over water among all provinces of Pakistan. The province Punjab is emphasizing in the construction of Kalabagh dam for better use of 38 million acre feet water dropping to sea. The three other provinces, Sindh, K.PK and Baluchistan are opposing the Kalabagh dam for royalty related issues. Sindh also objects that the storage of Indus water would seriously affect her delta ecosystem. Provinces are in fear of losing their share of water, blaming each other without knowing the reality and prefer their own interests over national interest. Furthermore, this study finds that Pakistan has failed to have any comprehensive and consolidated national water policy. The institutional arrangements are fragmented as each institution deals with the specific and narrow dimension of the water sector. The present per capita availability of water in Pakistan is about 1000m3 that clearly depicts water scarcity in Pakistan. This alarming water shortage calls for political vision, pragmatic policies and affective river regulations in Pakistan.

Hydro Politics in Pakistan: Perceptions and Misperceptions

IntroductionPakistan and China have been enjoying cordial relations since the early 1960s. Both the states have supported each other at almost all forums and their exemplary friendship is quoted as higher than the Himalayas, deeper than the ocean and sweeter than honey. Their bilateral relationship is ever increasing with mutual understanding and frequent high-level visits of government officials. Their defense ties is the strongest bond of the relationship. But now with the fast-moving economy, reaching out for more dynamic and active role in global politics and demand for energy, China has diversified its relationship with Pakistan. They are moving towards increasing bilateral trade, investment, infrastructure development, energy projects and people-to-people contact. In May 2013 during the visit of the Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang to Pakistan, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor agreement was signed along with the formal handing over of Gwadar Port for further development and operation to China. Various projects will be completed under the CPEC, with the worth of 46 billion dollars, until 2030."The CPEC is a holistic, comprehensive package of competitive economic initiatives from China, just the energy projects once initiated will kick-start an industrial boom in Pakistan.$15.5bn worth of coal, wind, solar and hydropower projects will come on-line by 2017 and add 10,400MW of electricity to Pakistan's national grid, a $44m fiber-optic cable will also be built" (The London Post, 2015).CPEC is not only beneficial for China and Pakistan but for the entire region as well. China will get an access to Indian Ocean passing through Pakistan by linking Kashgar city of Xinjiang autonomous region with the Gwadar Port. CPEC will bring economic prosperity to the regions of South Asia, land-locked and energyrich Central Asia and; the oil-rich Middle East.The CPEC project is the result of the long cordial bilateral relations based on state-to-state mutually beneficial terms. If to see it from geo-political and geoeconomic angle, one can say that it is an extension of the China's growing economic network. CPEC project is a tiny addition to the China's rise economically and it's growing needs for regional connectivity. Under China's policy of the renewing Old Silk Road, the One Belt One Road initiated in 2013, it is investing even bigger portion of it in Central Asia. This project will boost the economic relations of the two countries through opening up multiple channels of cooperation in the long run. China is investing in Pakistan and the route will connect China's western parts to Gawadar port and in the long run this route will connect Central Asia and the region altogether.1 CPEC has brought together China and Pakistan for a win-win situation by playing the 'politics of interdependence'.What drives China towards CPEC?China is no longer a country looking into its inward directions but following a path of multidimensional diplomacy across the world for more engagement and connectivity. It is no more a revolutionary state of the Mao era. Beijing's policy in initiating and pushing forward the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is driven mainly by six objectives. First is to reduce the distance for supply of goods and trade. Currently China is dealing with most of the world through the Pacific as well as Indian Ocean. China is dependent on the Strait of Malacca for supply of oil and other energy and trade commodities and; also to deliver its own products in Middle Eastern, African, European markets; and beyond. From the coasts of Middle East to the Port of Shanghai, total distance is about 12000 km and further to include the north-western Sinkiang region of China, it makes about 16000 km. Logistically this is so long distance to be covered and even costly. By the construction of road, railways and pipeline networks across Pakistan to connect Kashgar with Gwadar, it is only 2500 km. The successful completion of CPEC will not only save time for China but also make its supply more secure and quick. …

The Politics of Interdependence: A Case of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

This paper focuses on the politics of federalism in Pakistan. There are multiple geographic, economic and demographic variations that demanded special apparatus of management. As security, economy and identity were the common goals of all units; federal system was the most suitable answer to these issues and demands in the case of Pakistan. With an analysis of the concept, present research examines the history and constitutional development regarding federalism in Pakistan. Political life is teeming with institutions. Democracy must also flourish within the structures of political parties. If it doesn’t, democracy will flounder. Federations may vary at the level of centralization, and in the forms of governance, but political institutions are important. The paper concludes by suggesting some policy measures to improve federalism in Pakistan. Relatively decentralized and inclusive governance is more likely to enable Pakistani federation to accommodate interests, identities and working of institutions.

/pdf/politics-of-federalism-in-pakistan-problems-and-prospects-3arulbm5vc.pdf

Politics of Federalism in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects

IntroductionWater is undoubtedly considered an essential ingredient for the existence and survival of life. The presence of water is also confirmed on some other planets but Earth is the single planet recognized to hold the constant surface reservoirs of water which is the prerequisite for existence of life.Almost 71% part of surface of the Earth is covered with water in which more than 99% of Earth's water cannot be directly utilized by human beings and other organisms on earth. Only 3% of all water is considered freshwater out of which 68% is in the shape of glaciers and ice caps and more than 30% exist in the form of groundwater and just about 0.3% of all freshwaters exist in the shape of surface water in streams, rivers, lakes and swamps (Ali, July, 2015).Drinking Water Sources in PakistanThere are different resources for the supplying of drinking water in Pakistan in which almost 60% of drinking water is got from groundwater aquifers directly through boreholes in houses or through big tube wells followed by piped supply for utilization purposes under the management of some municipalities or private housing societies (Rashid, June 13, 2015).Surface water is another significant source of drinking water supplies. Surface water originated from lakes, rivers or streams is employed mostly in the rural vicinities as well as supplied through pipelines to cities and metropolitans just like Karachi (Iqbal, 2013).Another source of usable water is spring water which has been used in Northern Areas of country and Kashmir for the purposes of drinking, cooking and hygiene. Rainwater cropping is also familiar in various areas including Kashmir where rainwater is collected for household usages. In desert areas of Pakistan such as in Cholistan and Thar Desert, the humans are populated and settled around the rain water-filled ponds called "Tobas". The collected water in ponds is used for drinking and all other domestic purposes. Although, some parts of Cholistan Desert have also the piped water supply systems (Ali, July, 2015).Global Water Crisis and PakistanThe usable water has been diminishing from the Earth with every passing time and voices of water crisis have arisen in the world. The critical situation of water crisis fluctuates in different parts of the world depending upon their ecological, environmental and economic constraints. The issue of water distribution among states, its usages and administration have increasingly taken the significant position in managing the inter-state relations (Alam, February 13, 2007).Pakistan has rapid population growth rates as total population of the country was 40 million in 1955 but presently 188 million in 2015 and expectedly will be 262 million in 2035. At the chart of global ranking, Pakistan was at 14th position in 1955 but 6th in 2015-16 (http://www.worldometers.info/worldpopulation/pakistan-population/). Pakistan is one of 36 most water-stressed countries in the world (Reig et.al, December 12, 2013). According to National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP), 35% of the Pakistani population is deficient to get access to safe drinking water. NDWP clarifies the term access means, "that at least 45 to 120 liter per capita per day of drinking water is available to rural and urban areas, respectively, within the house or at such a distance that the total time required for reaching the water source, collecting water and returning home is not more than 30 minutes" (National Drinking Water Policy, September, 2009).Today, Pakistan is facing the complex situation due to water scarceness, escalating population and so on and it is urgently needed to create more resources to fulfill the incremental requirement of water for irrigation purposes. It is estimated that Pakistan has more than 180 million population in which approximately 45 million (25 %) are unable to reach the poverty line, 98 million people depend upon agriculture areas, almost 50 million have no facility of safe drinking water and 74 million people are deprived of hygienic facilities (www. …

Water Scarcity- A Major Human Security Challenge to Pakistan

IntroductionThe water crisis of South Asia is owing to its water scarcity. The region is abode to one-quarter population of world. But the available fresh water resources are not ample to meet the need of such huge population. The fresh water available for human use is only 0.75% of total water on Earth. The fresh water's major source is rivers. The rivers are shared by many states and about 260 major river basins are shared by two or more states (Committee on Foreign Relations, 2011, p. 9).The South Asian region is under immense pressure owing to scarce water supply. Rapid increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and lack of water resources management has posed the region with a daunting situation of water scarcity. According to an estimate, by 2030, 60% of world population will be left with fresh water supply (John, 2011, p. 1). The region of South Asia has been declared as water scarce. The population has increased rapidly and now it is inhabited by about one-third of world population. The region is being drained by four major rivers and has four basins i-e, Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganges and Meghna (Khalid, 2012, p. 80). These major rivers have various tributaries which drain whole South Asian region.The issue of water is primarily caused by decreasing fresh water availability and trans-boundary water flows. Indian population will increase to 1.6 billion by 2050 putting immense pressure on water resources. By 2005, per capita water availability has reduced to 1731 cubic meters. In Bangladesh, the per capita water availability was 8444 cubic meters which is expected to reduce to 7670 cubic meters by 2025. Thus, the root of problem lies in being lower riparian state. The 90% water flow to Bangladesh is out of its boundaries (John, 2011, p. 3).The propensity of conflict of water in South Asia is due to shared waters, trans-boundary flows of waters and the control of flows of waters of one state by another state. All states of South Asia are facing water issue. India is the biggest state of the region having water controversies with all its neighbors. It has concluded water treaties with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. But still the inconvenience due to Indian hegemonic designs in the region is evident by increasing concerns of al south Asian states on water availability and sharing. This region is witnessing rapid increase in population, industrialization and urbanization. These all factors have challenged the security of South Asia and issue of water has assumed a prominent position in politics.This study aims at scrutinizing the water issue in South Asia. The various reasons are explored in to get an inside in to the problem which may trigger serious conflict. This research revolves around certain aspects of the issue which have deep rooted relation with the issue and having propensity to escalate the crisis in to conflict .The questions around which this issue revolves are :Why is water issue a significant matter in politics? How does water scarcity affect state relations in South Asia? How can water scarcity be controlled by water governance and integrated water management?Place in literature"Troubled waters-Climate Change, Hydro politics and Trans boundary resources" edited by David Michael and Amit Pandya is a research work on global water issue. It tries to examine the relationship of Climate Change and water issues globally. Among all the regions of the world South Asia faces most severe crisis being heavily populated and concentration of population around river basins. The issue's root cause is mal-administration of water resources, both fresh water and ground aquifers. South Asia being water scarce microcosm region depicts the volatility of the issue. But there are prospects of resolution of water issue as the issues on two great rivers of the region i-e, Indus and Brahmaputra were somehow resolved through treaties. Indus Water Treaty 1960, between India and Pakistan and Brahmaputra Agreement, 1977 between Bangladesh and India are two glaring examples. …

http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/Iram%20et%20al_V21_Issue1_2014.pdf

Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Potential Conflict of Future Decades

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