Subjects' memory for lists of words was tested following the smoking of a single marijuana cigarette containing 1.4% δ9-THC or a placebo cigarette. During list presentation, each word was preceded by an orienting question which required one of four types of linguistic information (orthographic, phonetic, semantic, or syntactic). Free recall tests were administered immediately after each list (IFR) and following IFR for all five lists (FFR). Results indicated that subjects recalled fewer words while intoxicated with marijuana. There was no interaction between drug condition and level of processing in IFR, but a complex relationship mediated by time was seen in FFR. Drug subjects were more likely to forget meaningfully processed words on recently presented lists. The data provided little support for the hypothesis that marijuana differentially affects the processing and retention of different types of linguistic information.

Levels of processing and acute effects of marijuana on memory

Marijuana: acute effects on human memory

Four-person groups of moderate and heavy marijuana users were studied in a group discussion situation during marijuana intoxication. Amount of participation and role behavior were compared to nonintoxicated baseline performance and to that of a no-drug control group. During intoxication, moderate users were less task-oriented and participated less in group discussion. These findings were interpreted in terms of cognitive, motivational, and physiological reactions to marijuana. The lack of any social effect on heavy users suggested the existence of behavioral tolerance.

Interpersonal behavior in group discussion during marijuana intoxication.

An hypothesis is presented which suggests that the cognitive, subjective-emotional and perceptual changes produced by psychoactive cannabinoids may be mediated in part by actions of these agents on limbic system structures and limbic cortical connections. The major cognitive alterations which are found following cannabinoid intoxication are impaired memory functioning, lapses in attention, altered speech production and general problems with complex information processing. Perceptual anomalies consist of alterations in time perception with moderate doses, and visual distortions and hallucinations with high doses of cannabinoids. Subjective-emotional changes reported following cannabinoid intoxication include feelings of euphoria, drowsiness, a sensation of well being with low to moderate doses and feelings of derealization and depersonalization with higher doses. The role of the limbic system structures such as septum, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus in the mediation of these cannabinoid effects along with feedback loops running between limbic structures, thalamus and frontal and temporal cortices was reviewed and analyzed.

Cannabis and the brain with special reference to the limbic system.

The present study assessed the acute effects of smoked marijuana on social conversation. Speech quantity was recorded continuously in seven moderate marijuana users during separate 1 h experimental sessions following the paced smoking of 0, 1.01, 1.84, and 2.84% THC marijuana cigarettes. Subjects engaged in conversation with undrugged partners who smoked placebo marijuana cigarettes. The active marijuana produced significant decreases in speech quantity, increases in heart rate, and increases in self-reports of "high" and sedation. Partners showed no effects in speech quantity or self-reports of drug effects that were systematically related to the doses administered to the subject pair members. The effects on speech quantity observed in the present study after acute dosing are similar to the effects on social conversation reported previously during chronic marijuana dosing. Marijuana appears to be an exception to the general rule that drugs of abuse increase verbal interaction.

Acute marijuana effects on social conversation

Marihuana and communication

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Marihuana and communication