s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck%20reactie%20Beletskaya%20%20Chem.%20Rev.%20003009.pdf

The heck reaction as a sharpening stone of palladium catalysis.

The last 15 years of hydroformylation and carbonylation chemistry are reviewed, including technical and commercial aspects.

Progress in hydroformylation and carbonylation

Limited natural resources and an increasing demand for enantiomerically pure compounds render catalysis and especially heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis a key technology. The field has rapidly advanced from the initial use of chiral biopolymers, such as silk, as a support for metal catalysts to the modern research areas. Mesoporous supports, noncovalent immobilization, metal-organic catalysts, chiral modifiers: many areas are rapidly evolving. This Review shows that these catalysts have more to them than facile separation or recycling. Better activities and selectivities can be obtained than with the homogeneous catalyst and novel, efficient reaction mechanisms can be employed. Especially fascinating is the outlook for highly ordered metal-organic catalysts that might allow a rational design, synthesis, and the unequivocal structural characterization to give tailor-made catalysts.

Asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis.

Water is truly ubiquitous. Approximately 80% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, although only 1% of this is drinkable water. Water is the solvent of life and makes up about 60% of the mass of the human body. The majority of synthetic organic chemistry carried out in research laboratories or industrial processes utilizes organic solvents, however. Organic solvents have a number of attractive features: they will dissolve a wide range of organic compounds, they come with a variety of properties, and they are often volatile and easily removed. Unfortunately, organic solvents are often toxic, flammable, and nonrenewable and have low heat capacities. In contrast, water is nontoxic and nonflammable, has a high heat capacity, and is relatively inexpensive. Of course water has some significant drawbacks as a solvent: it is a poor solvent for most organic molecules, and it is highly reactive with many classes of reagents. Because of these drawbacks, water is rarely used as a primary solvent in synthetic organic chemistry, although there is a growing body of work related to organic chemistry in water.1-3

Hydrophilic Ligands and Their Application in Aqueous-Phase Metal-Catalyzed Reactions

Immobilisation of ionic liquids on solid supports

Influence of the reaction temperature on the enantioselection of styrene hydroformylation catalyzed by PtCl(SnCl3) complexes of p-aryl-substituted chiral ligands

Bis[tris(m(sodium sulfonato)phenyl)phosphine] hexacarbonyl dicobalt, Co2(CO)6 (P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)2, in a supported aqueous phase for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene

Water-soluble electron-donating phosphines: sulfonation of tris(.omega.-phenylalkyl)phosphines

The concept of supported aqueous-phase (SAP) catalysis has been extended to olefin hydroformylations by the use of in situ formed Rh-, PtSnCl 3 - and Co-complexes containing HexDPPDS, TAPTS and TPrPTS as ligands, respectively. (HexDPPDS = hexyl-bis(sodium- m -sulfonatophenyl)phosphine; TAPTS = tris(ω-(sodium- p -sulfonatophenyl)alkyl)phosphines, where alkyl CH 2 , TBeTS; C 2 H 4 , TEtPTS, C 3 H 6 , TPrPTs). Furthermore, some data are reported on the SAP asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene by the use of PtCl 2 [( S,S )-BDPP-(( p -NMe 3 )(BF 4 )) 4 ] + SnCl 2 system and on the SAP asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydro-phenylalanine derivatives with Rh(COD)[( S,S )-BDPP-( p -NME 3 ) 4 ](BF 4 ) 5 and Rh(COD)[( S,S )-Chiraphos-( p -NMe 3 ) 4 ](BF 4 ) 5 complexes. (BDPP = 2,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane; Chiraphos = 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane). For the sake of comparison, the two-phase catalytic results are also given with each alternative SAP catalytic applications, as well as the appropriate (organic) homogeneous values, which were obtained with the analogous complexes containing the respective non-funtionalized ligands. With the exception of the Co-system, the SAP catalytic systems show similar selectivity only to the analogous non-aqueous catalysts. The anomalous behavior of the Co-system in the presence of water is attributed to the presence of sulfonate groups on the ligand which may interact with the cobalt.

Alternative supported aqueous-phase catalyst systems

Hydroformylation of 1-hexene with Pt(P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)2Cl2 and its tin chloride analogue on a controlled-pore glass

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