Establishing a deep underground physics laboratory to study, amongst others, double beta decay, geoneutrinos, reactor neutrinos and dark matter has been discussed for more than a decade within the austral African physicists' community. PAUL, the Paarl Africa Underground Laboratory, is an initiative foreseeing an open international laboratory devoted to the development of competitive science in the austral region. It has the advantage that the location, the Huguenot tunnel, exists already and the geology and the environment of the site is appropriate for an experimental facility. The paper describes the PAUL initiative, presents the physics prospects and discusses the capacity for building the future experimental facility.

Paarl Africa Underground Laboratory (PAUL)

Distinctive large-scale structures have been identiﬁed in the spatial distribution of optical galaxies up to redshift z ∼ 1. In the more distant universe, the relationship between the dust-obscured population of star-forming galaxies observed at millimetre wavelengths and the network of cosmic ﬁlaments of dark matter apparent in all cosmological hydrodynamical simulations is still under study. Using the NIKA2 dual-band millimetre camera, we mapped a ﬁeld of ∼ 90 arcminutes 2 in the direction of the star GJ526 simultaneously in its 1.15-mm and 2.0-mm continuum wavebands to investigate the nature of the quasi-alignment of ﬁve sources found ten years earlier with the MAMBO camera at 1.2 mm. We ﬁnd that these sources are not clumps of a circumstellar debris disc around this star as initially hypothesized. Rather, they must be dust-obscured star-forming galaxies, or sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs), in the distant background. The new NIKA2 map at 1.15 mm reveals a total of seven SMGs distributed in projection on the sky along a ﬁlament-like structure crossing the whole observed ﬁeld. Furthermore, we show that the NIKA2 and supplemental Herschel photometric data are compatible with a model of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these sources when a common redshift of 2.5 and typical values of the dust parameters for SMGs are adopted. Hence, we speculate that these SMGs might be located in a ﬁlament of the distant ‘cosmic web’. The length of this candidate cosmic ﬁlament crossing the whole map is at least 4 cMpc (comoving), and the separations between sources are between 0.25 cMpc and 1.25 cMpc at this redshift, in line with expectations from cosmological simulations. Nonetheless, further observations to determine the precise spectroscopic redshifts of these sources are required to deﬁnitively support this hypothesis of SMGs embedded in a cosmic ﬁlament of dark matter.

pdf/candidate-cosmic-filament-in-the-gj526-field-mapped-with-the-31nloxv5.pdf

Candidate cosmic filament in the GJ526 field, mapped with the NIKA2 camera

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Paarl Africa Underground Laboratory (PAUL)

Candidate cosmic filament in the GJ526 field, mapped with the NIKA2 camera