The frequency of chromosomal aberrations was evaluated in more than 500 liquidators of the Chernobyl accident. The 'sarcophagus' builders and the dosimetrists showed the highest frequency of aberrations per 100 cells: 3.24 +/- 0.25 and 3.11 +/- 0.43. For Chernobyl Atomic Power Station staff members the mean frequencies of aberrations per 100 cells was 2.37 +/- 0.20. The mean yields of aberrations in the other groups was between 1.31 and 1.47 per 100 cells. If the mean frequencies of aberrations are converted into equivalent whole body doses, values between 136 and 414 mGy are obtained. Especially in the group of 'sarcophagus' builders, the yields of aberrations varied interindividually and corresponded to equivalent whole body doses of up to about 2 Gy.

Human cytogenetic consequences of the Chernobyl accident

Quantification of the biologically relevant dose is required to establish cause and effect between radiation detriment or burden and important biological outcomes. Most epidemiologic studies of unanticipated radiation exposure fail to establish cause and effect because researchers have not been able to construct a valid quantification of dose for the exposed population. However, no one biodosimetric technique (biophysical or biological) meets all the requirements of an ideal dosimeter. This paper reviews how the collection of biodosimetric data for victims of radiation accidents can be used to create a dosimetric "gold standard." Particular emphasis is placed on the use of electron spin resonance, a standard for radiation accident dosimetry. As an example of this technique, a review will be presented of a previously reported study of an individual exposed to a 60Co sterilization source.

Collective radiation biodosimetry for dose reconstruction of acute accidental exposures: a review.

The clean-up operations following the Chernobyl accident were arguably the greatest in history of mankind. This paper is not intended to give a comprehensive review of the Chernobyl related research, we present only a review of the scientific literature available till now about “liquidators” i.e. people who performed the task of decontamination work near the damaged Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Most of the approximately 300,000 liquidators who took part in the mitigation of the local consequences of the Chernobyl accident between 1986 and 1989 received only low radiation doses which are comparable or lower than those documented in nuclear workers registries. The health consequences from these radiation doses are too small to be identifiable in any epidemiological study, which does not target specific sub-groups with potentially higher exposure. From our review of the published literature, several criteria may be derived which could be used to identify potentially suitable sub-populations; in particular among those are liquidators who participated in the clean-up work during in 1986 including staff of CNPP, special groups such as “sarcophagus workers” (39), helicopter crews (3, 48), liquidators from the Institute of Biophysics participating in clean-up work in Chernobyl (12, 20), the Samoilenko group (12), sarcophagus builders (12) and some other groups from those mentioned in Table 3.

/pdf/chernobyl-liquidators-the-people-and-the-doses-3jzp4mctt5.pdf

Chernobyl Liquidators - the people and the doses

Cytogenetic homeostasis in natural populations under natural conditions and anthropogenic stress was estimated according to the frequency of chromosome aberrations in somatic cells for six species of small mammals. Cytogenetic homeostasis was disturbed under the stress effect of increased density during population cycles, at the ecological periphery, and in the case of environmental chemical and radiation contamination. Cytogenetic homeostasis disturbances were related to changes in other indices of homeostasis, such as developmental stability and immune status, suggesting the use of the cytogenetic approach for estimating the general state of individuals in natural populations.

Estimate of cytogenetic homeostasis in natural populations of some small murid rodents

Higher-plant seeds were flown in spacecraft experiments for periods from a few days to 1.5 years and chromosomal aberrations were analyzed. Results of simulation experiments with accelerated heavy-ion beams are discussed. Our data show that chromosomal aberrations can be used as dosimeters. The data are compared with results obtained with human peripheral lymphocytes of in vitro. The experimental data indicate that the number of aberrant cells (multiple-aberrant cells included) rises, depending on space flight duration, HZE particle fluence, HZE particle-induced absorbed dose, and on the topography of the HZE particle passage through the cells. Methodological aspects to estimate biological effects of cosmic radiation and the associated radiation risk during long-term space flights is discussed.

Chromosomal Aberrations as a Biomarker for Cosmic Radiation

The method of biological dosimetry based on registration of frequency of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes was proven to be a valuable technique for estimation of large absorbed doses. In the case of low absorbed doses or low dose rate the suitability of this method is restricted because of deficiency of suitable dose-response curve for yield of chromosome aberrations. In this work chromosome aberration rate was estimated in 31 ameliorators of the Chernobyl accident with the known data of physical dosimetry in the range of 12-30 cGy. Linear dependence of induction of chromosome aberrations was found in this dose range. The coefficients for induction of dicentrics and all unstable aberrations of chromosome type was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.4 and 7.2 +/- 1.2 per 100 cells per 1 Gy, respectively.

The dose dependence of the induction of chromosome aberrations in those who worked in the cleanup of the Chernobyl accident

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The dose dependence of the induction of chromosome aberrations in those who worked in the cleanup of the Chernobyl accident