Nitrogen combined with biochar changed the feedback mechanism between soil nitrification and Cd availability in an acidic soil.

Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) is a promising alternative for reduction of greenhouse gas emission. However, injected CO2 in deep formation has potential to leak into a shallow aquifer. Thus, although it is challenging, development of detection technologies in a shallow aquifer region is essential to assure the long term safety of a CCS project. Recently, field scale experiments were carried out around the world to identify CO2 leakage and to investigate effects on groundwater quality in shallow aquifers. From the literature, 8 controlled CO2 release test sites and 9 experimental cases were identified. In those sites, CO2 was artificially injected around the shallow aquifer region as CO2-infused groundwater phase or gas phase for identifying environmental effects caused by CO2 injection. This paper reviews the hydraulic heterogeneity, mineral compositions, monitoring systems, and environmental parameters required for leakage detection at each site. For constructing a controlled test bed, inclined wells, horizontal wells, and multiple injection wells were identified as reliable injection components. It was also identified that the injected CO2 migration and its effects were monitored through the constructed monitoring networks. The previous operation cases show that continuous monitoring of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Ca and Mg concentrations is the most basic and important factor for leakage detection. Trace elements and isotopes were also widely used to determine the CO2 leakage. The Korea CO2 Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) research center is going to construct an environmental impact test (EIT) facility for developing CO2 leakage detection methods in a shallow aquifer region in Korea. The challenging issues will include the fate and transport of CO2 from the fractured zone to the saturated zone and to the unsaturated soil. Based on the lessons learned from the previous tests, environmental monitoring technologies will be developed through the analysis of the time series data of hydrogeochemical parameters for the planned EIT facility in Korea.

Shallow groundwater system monitoring on controlled CO2 release sites: a review on field experimental methods and efforts for CO2 leakage detection

Toxicological risk assessment in CO2 capture and storage technology

Potential impacts of CO2 leakage on groundwater quality of overlying aquifer at geological carbon sequestration sites: A review and a proposed assessment procedure

Preparation and characterization of noble metal modified titanium dioxide hollow spheres – new insights concerning the light trapping efficiency

Since materials science is of great importance, the application of composite materials based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is widely investigated. Current work is aimed at preparing nanocomposites of TiO2/MWCNT using an impregnation method combined with slow hydrolysis. Different titanium alkoxide compounds as Ti(OEt)(4), Ti(OiPr)(4), and Ti(OBu)(4), respectively, were used as precursor materials to cover the surface of CNTs in ethanolic medium. In our samples themass ratiowas 10:1 (TiO2:MWCNT). The produced composite materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman microscopy, transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques; moreover, thermal analysis and the determination of the specific surface area (BET) were also carried out. These as-prepared TiO2/MWCNT composites were also tested as photocatalysts in degradation reaction of the model compound salicylic acid. (C) 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

The effect of titania precursor on the morphology of prepared TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite materials

Effects of carbon dioxide leakages on shallow aquifer properties

Potential leakages of CO2 from storage sites to shallow aquifers could have adverse impacts on the quality of potable groundwater. The mineralogy of well-sorted silica sand is modified by the pH-controlled precipitation of eight metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd). Continuous flow tests are performed in two fixed-bed columns packed with the modified sand by coinjecting gas CO2/distilled water (2-phase column) and distilled water (1-phase column/control test) at constant influx rates for a period of two months. The concentration of dissolved metals is measured in the effluents of columns with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Mineralogical analysis of the surface of sand grains is done before and after the flow tests with scanning electron microscopy–X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas the precise quantitative measurement of the metal content in the sand is done with AAS. A dynamic numerical model that couples the flow and mass-transfer...

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on the Mobilization of Metals from Aquifers

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The effect of titania precursor on the morphology of prepared TiO2/MWCNT nanocomposite materials

Effects of carbon dioxide leakages on shallow aquifer properties

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on the Mobilization of Metals from Aquifers