Cancer is driven by multiple types of genetic alterations, which range in size from point mutations to whole-chromosome gains and losses, known as aneuploidy. Chromosome instability, the process that gives rise to aneuploidy, can promote tumorigenesis by increasing genetic heterogeneity and promoting tumour evolution. However, much less is known about how aneuploidy itself contributes to tumour formation and progression. Unlike some pan-cancer oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes that drive transformation in virtually all cell types and cellular contexts, aneuploidy is not a universal promoter of tumorigenesis. Instead, recent studies suggest that aneuploidy is a context-dependent, cancer-type-specific oncogenic event that may have clinical relevance as a prognostic marker and as a potential therapeutic target. Aneuploidy contributes to tumorigenesis, but the underlying processes are not well understood. This Review explains the context dependency of aneuploidy in cancer and discusses its clinical potential as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target.

/pdf/context-is-everything-aneuploidy-in-cancer-284j9pjng9.pdf

Context is everything: aneuploidy in cancer

After almost a year's absence from the book stores, Koss's Diagnostic Cytology is back again in its second edition. This is probably the most complete book on cytology available, correlating the exfoliated cell with its parent healthy or diseased organ. As is the trend of modern texts, the new book is almost 300 pages longer than the original. Among its new features are a greatly expanded discussion of basic cellular structures with abundant photographs of electron microscopy. There also are several new chapters by Miles on the chromosome. Coverage of normal female genital-tract cytology has been increased by more illustrations of excellent quality. However, the second edition still describes what are probably metaplastic cells as parabasal cells with intercellular bridges. Another error has been corrected. In the new volume a special variety of multinucleated cells which previously had been called "trophoblastic syncitial cells" now is correctly identified as a cell

Diagnostic Cytology and Its Histopathologic Bases

Early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment selection of cancer represent major challenges in medicine. The definition of the complex clinical and molecular landscape of cancer requires the combination of multiple techniques and the investigation of multiple targets. As a result, diagnosis is normally lengthy, expensive and, in many cases, cannot be performed recursively. In recent years, optical biosensors, especially those based on the unique properties of plasmonic nanostructures, have emerged as one of the most exciting tools in nanomedicine, capable of overcoming key limitations of classical techniques. In this review, we specifically focus our attention on the latest advances in optical biosensors exploiting surface-enhanced Raman scattering encoded particles for the characterization of tumor single cells (molecular biology) and tissues (immunohistochemistry and guided surgery), as well as their application in guided surgery or even in bioimaging of living organisms.

/pdf/cancer-characterization-and-diagnosis-with-sers-encoded-3cb4iys8vj.pdf

Cancer characterization and diagnosis with SERS-encoded particles

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established a uniform, tiered reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. TBSRTC recommends that every thyroid FNA report begin with one of six diagnostic categories: (1) nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory, (2) benign, (3) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS), (4) follicular neoplasm or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm, (5) suspicious for malignancy, and (6) malignant. It offers a choice of two different names for three of the six categories: a laboratory should choose the one it prefers and use it exclusively for that category. Synonymous terms (e.g., AUS and FLUS) should not be used to denote two distinct interpretations. Each category has an implied cancer risk that ranges from 0 to 3% for the “benign” category to virtually 100% for the “malignant” category, and, in this second edition, the malignancy risks have been revised based on additional (post first edition) data. As a function of these risk associations, each category is linked to evidence-based clinical management guidelines. The recent reclassification of some thyroid neoplasms as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has implications for the risk of malignancy, and this is accounted for in this chapter. For some of the general diagnostic categories, subcategorization can be informative and is often appropriate. Additional descriptive comments (beyond such subcategorization) are optional and left to the discretion of the cytopathologist. Notes and recommendations can be useful, especially due to the introduction of NIFTP.

Overview of Diagnostic Terminology and Reporting

Patients at risk for lung cancer may have subclinical disease for years before presentation The diagnosis of this disease is primarily based on symptoms, and detection often occurs after curative intervention is no longer possible At present, no lung cancer early-detection biomarker is clinically available This study reviews the most recent advances in early detection and molecular diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of lung cancer This review includes an overview of the various biological specimens and matrices in which these biomarkers could be analyzed, as well as the diverse strategies and approaches for identifying new biomarkers that are currently being explored Several novel and attractive biomarker candidates for the early detection of lung cancer exist A remarkable shift is taking place from research based on single markers to analyzing signatures that are more complex in order to take advantage of new high-throughput technologies However, it is still necessary to validate the most promising markers and the standardization of procedures that will lead to specific clinical applications

/pdf/update-on-biomarkers-for-the-detection-of-lung-cancer-2o8hckm43y.pdf

Update on biomarkers for the detection of lung cancer

BACKGROUND:

Sometimes, cytological lung cancer diagnosis is challenging because equivocal diagnoses are common. To enhance diagnostic accuracy, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), DNA-image cytometry, and quantitative promoter hypermethylation analysis have been proposed as adjuncts.



METHODS:

Bronchial washings and/or brushings or transbronchial fine-needle aspiration biopsies were prospectively collected from patients who were clinically suspected of having lung carcinoma. After routine cytological diagnosis, 70 consecutive specimens, each cytologically diagnosed as negative, equivocal, or positive for cancer cells, were investigated with adjuvant methods. Suspicious areas on the smears were restained with the LAVysion multicolor FISH probe set (Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, Illinois) or according to the Feulgen Staining Method for DNA-image cytometry analysis. DNA was extracted from residual liquid material, and frequencies of aberrant methylation of APC, p16INK4A, and RASSF1A gene promoters were determined with quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) after bisulfite conversion. Clinical and histological follow-up according to a reference standard, defined in advance, were available for 198 of 210 patients.



RESULTS:

In the whole cohort, cytology, FISH, DNA-image cytometry, and QMSP achieved sensitivities of 83.7%, 78%, 79%, and 49.6%, respectively (specificities of 69.8%, 98.2%, 98.2%, and 98.4%, respectively). Subsequent to cytologically equivocal diagnoses, FISH, DNA-image cytometry, and QMSP definitely identified malignancy in 79%, 83%, and 49%, respectively. With QMSP, 4 of 22 cancer patients with cytologically negative diagnoses were correctly identified.



CONCLUSIONS:

Thus, adjuvant FISH or DNA-image cytometry in cytologically equivocal diagnoses improves diagnostic accuracy at comparable rates. Adjuvant QMSP in cytologically negative cases with persistent suspicion of lung cancer would enhance sensitivity. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.

Equivocal cytology in lung cancer diagnosis: improvement of diagnostic accuracy using adjuvant multicolor FISH, DNA-image cytometry, and quantitative promoter hypermethylation analysis.

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Equivocal cytology in lung cancer diagnosis: improvement of diagnostic accuracy using adjuvant multicolor FISH, DNA-image cytometry, and quantitative promoter hypermethylation analysis.