http://home.iitk.ac.in/~snt/pdf/sagnik_RSE_2012.PDF

Variability of outdoor fine particulate (PM2.5) concentration in the Indian Subcontinent: A remote sensing approach

This book is a timely publication on the developing science of biodiversity. Edited by Kevin J. Gaston, a research fellow in the Department of Animal and Plant Sciences at the University of Sheffield, it boasts contributors from a number of universities and research centres in the United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands, Switzerland, Canada and India. Their combined understanding and experience gives depth to this publication. The book represents an attempt to define biodiversity as a science, to evaluate its importance, and to put it into a conservation management context.

/pdf/biodiversity-a-biology-of-numbers-and-difference-48gsz9malq.pdf

Biodiversity. A Biology of Numbers and Difference

The main source of error in retrieving aerosol optical thicknesses using sun photometry comes from the determination of the TOA voltages. The degradation of interference filters is the most important source of the long-term changes in the cross-calibrations. Although major improvements have been made in the design of the filters (interference filters fabricated using ion-assisted deposition), the filters remain the principal factor limiting performance of the sun photometers. Degradation of filters necessitates frequent calibration of sun photometers and frequent measurements of the filter transmission or the relative system response. The degradation of the filters mounted on the CIMEL sun photometers have been monitored since 1993 by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) project. The decay reported by Holben et al. for the first two years of a CIMEL#s operation is between 1 and 5%. Nevertheless, the filters mounted on CIMEL instruments are regularly replaced after two years of use. The cross-calibration technique consists of taking measurements concurrently with the uncalibrated and the reference sun photometers. While analyzing measurements, the quality of the calibration has to be checked, using the following considerations: (1) any cirrus clouds suspected to be masking the sun, during the calibration period, need to be reported and the corresponding data set removed; and (2) the stability of the day needs to be checked. This chapter will describe calibration techniques, facilities, and protocols used for calibrating sun photometers and sky radiometers.

Calibration of of Sun Photometers and Sky Radiance Sensors

A study on the correlation of the angstrom turbidity coefficient (β) with aerosol optical depth (τ) have been studied on the basis of field measurements carried out at Kaikhali (22.022°N & 88.614°E) lying in the east coast of India inside the Sundarbans. The angstrom turbidity coefficients have been calculated with respect to the filter channels at 340 nm, 500 nm, 870 nm, 936 nm and 1020 nm of a Sunphotometer. Assessment of the possible influx of the fine particulate concentrations to the total aerosol loading in the area have been made with respect to the calculated angstrom turbidity values for the summer and winter seasons over a period of two years from 2004 to 2006. Substantially high angstrom turbidity coefficient values exceeding 0.2 and indicative of a relatively hazy atmosphere for both the summer and winter periods over these two years from 2004-2006 have been observed. Considering the importance of this fragile mangrove ecosystem of the Sundarbans and also the vulnerability of the area to severe impacts of climate changes, this is indeed a thought provoking issue as far as the policy makers of the country are concerned. In fact, the study has confirmed positive correlation of β with τ.

/pdf/study-on-correlation-of-angstrom-turbidity-coefficient-b-1cvvwpxskk.pdf

Study on Correlation of Angstrom Turbidity Coefficient (β) with Aerosol Optical Depth (τ) over a Period of Two Years (2004-2006) for the Special Mangrove Ecosystem of Sun-darbans

The paper reports the observations of the aerosol studies carried-out for three years (2004-2007) during the summers and winters at Kaikhali (22.0220 N & 88.6140E) lying in the east coast of India inside a special mangrove ecosystem: 'The Sundarbans'. Aerosol optical depths were measured using a five filter channel sunphotometer with wavelengths at 340, 500,870, 936 and 1020 nm respectively. The sampling site enjoys a tropical climate and is under the strong influence of the southwest or summer monsoon and weak northeast or winter monsoon. The mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) during the winters (2004-2007) for the filter channels 340, 500, 870, 936 and 1020 nm have been found to be 1.478, 1.014, 0.579, 0.541 and 0.523 respectively whereas for the summer periods, they have been found to be 1.173, 0.859, 0.603, 0.564 and 0.597 respectively. The mean values of the angstrom exponent calculated for the winter and summer months over the years 2004-2007 have been found to be 1.283, 0.999, 1.285 and 1.094, 1.167 and 1.91 respectively. Generally the higher angstrom exponent values during the winter periods over the years from 2004-2007 except for the year 2005-2006 indicate high ratio of smaller fractions to larger fractions. The values of Angstrom exponents observed at the site suggest that the aerosol comprise mostly of the small size particles. An attempt has been made in the paper to compare the aerosol optical depth and angstrom exponent values with another study conducted in a different coastal zone in India.

“Observations on Aerosol Optical Depth Over a Period of 3 Years at Kaikhali (22.022°N, 88.614°E) Inside a Special Mangrove Ecosystem—The Sundarbans”

Measurement of particulates [respirable particulate matter (RPM or PM10 ), fine RPM ( PM2.5 ) , non-RPM (NRPM), and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM)] were carried out on a campaign basis over a period of 3 years (2003–2006) at Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) inside one of the world’s largest mangrove delta region—“The Sundarbans.” Considering the toxic potential of the particulate fractions, the foremost objective of this study was to determine the particulate concentrations during different parts of the year as well as to ascertain the trend of occurrence of the particulate fractions in an area of rich and unique biodiversity. Moreover, as the area had no past records on particulate data over a decade, the other important objective of the study was to prepare substantial database for the area for the present time. The average range of PM10 , PM2.5 , NRPM, and TSPM for the period from 2003–2006 has been found to be (57–118), (35–80), (10–25), and ( 73–135 )  μg  m−3 respectively. The data obtain...

Observation on particulate matter over a period of 3 years at Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) inside a special mangrove ecosystem: Sundarbans.

Measurements of the two criteria air pollutants sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen-dioxide (NO2) capable of adversely affecting areas of rich biodiversity were made at a far off coastal remote area Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) in one of the world’s largest mangrove ecosystems – ‘The Sundarbans’ from 2004–2007. The objectives of the measurements were to determine the trend in occurrence of these two in the winter period and also to determine their probable sources. The average ranges of SO2 and NO2 concentrations during the winter months over these three years have been found to be (0.34–3.02) ppb and (2.75–21.71) ppb respectively. As, during the study period, no standards for these pollutants were available for such an ecologically sensitive area, their average concentrations for the last year of study have been compared with that for the nearest metropolis Kolkata which indeed confirmed relatively high values of SO2 and NO2 at Kaikhali.

Measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during winter over a period of three years at Kaikhali (22.022 degree N and 88.614 degree E) in Sundarbans

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Observation on particulate matter over a period of 3 years at Kaikhali (22.022°N and 88.614°E) inside a special mangrove ecosystem: Sundarbans.

Study on Correlation of Angstrom Turbidity Coefficient (β) with Aerosol Optical Depth (τ) over a Period of Two Years (2004-2006) for the Special Mangrove Ecosystem of Sun-darbans

“Observations on Aerosol Optical Depth Over a Period of 3 Years at Kaikhali (22.022°N, 88.614°E) Inside a Special Mangrove Ecosystem—The Sundarbans”

Measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during winter over a period of three years at Kaikhali (22.022 degree N and 88.614 degree E) in Sundarbans