Even though the Indonesian government have set regulations for maintaining exclusive breastfeeding practices, the coverage remains low. The study aims to analyze the effects of mother’s education level on the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia. This study used data from the 2017 Nutrition Status Monitoring Survey. It covered data of 53,528 children under 5 years old (7–59 months) as the samples. Variables included exclusive breastfeeding status, mother’s education level, mother’s age, marital status, employment status, gender, residence, under five’s age and gender. A binary logistics regression was performed in the final test. Mothers who graduated from elementary school were 1.167 times more likely to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who never attended schools. Additionally, those who graduated from junior high school had 1.203 times possibilities to give exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers without educational records. While, mothers who graduated from high school were 1.177 times more likely to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to those without educational records. Mothers who graduated from tertiary education had 1.203 times more possibilities to perform exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who were never enrolled to schools. Other variables also became affecting predictors on exclusive breastfeeding, such as mother’s age, mother’s employment status, child’s age, and residence. The mother’s education level positively affects exclusive breastfeeding practice in Indonesia.

/pdf/the-effects-of-mother-s-education-on-achieving-exclusive-4ujzc4v9va.pdf

The effects of mother's education on achieving exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis, with development of DM pandemic in countries where tuberculosis (TB) is also endemic. Understanding the impact of DM on TB and the determinants of co-morbidity is essential in responding to this growing public health problem with improved therapeutic approaches. Despite the clinical and public health significance posed by the dual burden of TB and DM, little is known about the immunological and biochemical mechanisms of susceptibility. One possible mechanism is that an impaired immune response in diabetic patients facilitates either primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or reactivation of latent TB. DM is associated with immune dysfunction and alterations in the components of the immune system, including altered levels of specific cytokines and chemokines. Some effects of diabetes on adaptive immunity that are potentially relevant to TB defence have been identified in humans. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the alterations in the innate and adaptive immune responses and immunological mechanisms of susceptibility of DM patients to M. tuberculosis infection and disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Influence of diabetes mellitus on the immunity to human tuberculosis.

Background Measuring height for age is one of the essential indicators for evaluating children’s growth. The study analyzes the association between maternal education and stunting among children under two years in Indonesia. Methods The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey. The unit of analysis was children under two years, and the study obtained weighted samples of 70,293 children. Besides maternal education, other independent variables analyzed in this study were residence, maternal age, maternal marital status, maternal employment, children’s age, and gender. In the final stage, the study occupied a multivariate test by binary logistic regression test. Results The results show the proportion of stunted children under two years in Indonesia nationally is 20.1%. Mothers in primary school and under education categories are 1.587 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.576–1.598). Meanwhile, mothers with a junior high school education have a chance of 1.430 times more than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.420–1.440). Moreover, mothers with education in the senior high school category have 1.230 times more chances than mothers with a college education to have stunted children under two years (95% CI 1.222–1.238). Conclusion The study concluded that the maternal education level was associated with stunting children under two years in Indonesia. The lower the mother’s level of education, the higher the chances of a mother having stunted children under two years.

/pdf/stunting-among-children-under-two-years-in-indonesia-does-s5bgi2iy.pdf

Stunting among children under two years in Indonesia: Does maternal education matter?

BACKGROUND The government is obliged to guarantee equal access to antenatal care (ANC) between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to analyze urban-rural disparities in ≥4 ANC visits during pregnancy in the Philippines and Indonesia. METHODS The study processed data from the 2017 PDHS and the 2017 IDHS. The analysis unit was women aged 15-49 years old who had given birth in the last 5 years. The weighted sample size was 7992 respondents in the Philippines and 14,568 respondents in Indonesia. Apart from ANC as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed were residence, age, husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth. Determination of urban-rural disparities using binary logistic regression. RESULTS The results show that women in the urban Philippines are 0.932 times more likely than women in the rural Philippines to make ≥4 ANC visits. On the other side, women in urban Indonesia are more likely 1.255 times than women in rural Indonesia to make ≥4 ANC visits. Apart from the type of residence place (urban-rural), five other tested multivariate variables also proved significant contributions to ANC's use in both countries, i.e., age, have a husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth status. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that disparities exist between urban and rural areas utilizing ANC in the Philippines and Indonesia. Pregnant women in the rural Philippines have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits. Meanwhile, pregnant women in urban Indonesia have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits.

/pdf/urban-rural-disparities-of-antenatal-care-in-south-east-asia-baqd6pvfup.pdf

Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia.

The study aimed to analyze the most appropriate maternal characteristics for stunting prevention policies. The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey. The study obtained weighted samples of 11,887 Papuan children under five years of age. On the other hand, the study used the nutritional status as an outcome variable and maternal characteristics as an exposure variable. The research employed the following four control variables: residence, region, under-five age, and gender. The study occupied the binary logistic regression. The results show that mothers who graduated from primary school and under were 1.263 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children. Mothers who graduated from junior high school are 1.222 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children. Mothers who graduated from senior high school were 1.122 times more likely than mothers with a college education to have stunted children. Mothers with a never-married status have a 1.138 times greater probability than divorced/widowed mothers to have stunted children. Meanwhile, married mothers are 0.936 times more likely than divorced/widowed mothers to have stunted children. The study concluded that the target group for stunting prevention policies are mothers with poor education and who are single.

/pdf/the-targets-for-stunting-prevention-policies-in-papua-2rj5ripl.pdf

The Targets for Stunting Prevention Policies in Papua, Indonesia: What Mothers’ Characteristics Matter?

Background Geographical variation may likely influence the effectiveness of prevention efforts for malaria across Indonesia, in addition to factors at the individual level, household level, and contextual factors. This study aimed to describe preventive practices at individual and a household levels applied by rural communities in five provinces in eastern Indonesia and its association with the incidence of malaria among adult (≥15 years) populations. Methods This study analyzed a subset of data of nationally representative community-based survey 2018 Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Data for socio-demographic (age, gender, education and occupation) and preventive behaviors (use of mosquito bed nets while slept, insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs), mosquito repellent, mosquito electric rackets, mosquito coil/electric anti-mosquito mats, and mosquito window screen) were collected. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model. Results Total of 56,159 respondents (n = 23,070 households) living in rural areas in Maluku (n = 8044), North Maluku (n = 7356), East Nusa Tenggara (n = 23,254), West Papua (n = 5759) and Papua (n = 11,746) were included in the study. In the multivariable models, using a bed net while slept likely reduced the odds of self-reported malaria among Maluku participants. Reduced odds ratios of self-reported malaria were identified in those participants who used ITNs (North Maluku, ENT, Papua), repellent (Maluku, West Papua, Papua), anti-mosquito racket (ENT), coil (Maluku, North Maluku, Papua) and window screen (West Papua, Papua). Conclusion Our study concluded that the protective effects of preventive practices were varied among localities, suggesting the need for specific intervention programs.

/pdf/variation-of-preventive-practices-and-its-association-with-4c09f4elg2.pdf

Variation of preventive practices and its association with malaria infection in eastern Indonesia: Findings from community-based survey.

The results of the Indonesia Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) in 2007, 2013 and 2018 showed the stunted
rate for toddlers was still above 30%. While proven poverty often comes with stunted on toddlers. The
study aimed to answer whether poverty factors and the availability of health services are related to the
prevalence of stunted toddlers in provinces in Indonesia. This study was a secondary data analysis “Data and
Information: Indonesian Health Profile in 2017”. The results showed that the high percentage of the poor
population (>14.43%) was dominated by the high prevalence of stunted toddlers (22.51%-30.0%). In the
category of health center ratio per 100 thousand high population (?4) seen dominated by the prevalence of
stunted toddlers in the high category (22.51%-0.0%). In the category of nutritionist ratio per 100 thousand
high population (>12), it appears to be dominated by the prevalence of stunted toddler in the high category
(22.51% -30.0%). In the category of midwife ratio per 100 thousand high population (>97) was dominated
by the prevalence of stunted toddler (22.51%-30.0%). It was concluded that the percentage of the poor
population was positively related to the prevalence of stunted toddler. While health service input factors
(health center, nutritionists, and midwives) were not related to the prevalence of stunted toddlers.

Ecological Analysis of Stunted Toddler in Indonesia

Characteristics of Mother as Predictors of Stunting in Toddler

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