Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies.

Strategies for reducing cadmium accumulation in rice grains

Freshwater shortage and its contamination with various types of pollutants are becoming the most alarming issues worldwide due to impacts on socioeconomic values. Considering an increasing freshwater scarcity, it is imperative for the growers, particularly in semiarid and arid areas, to use wastewater for crop production. Wastewaters generally contain numerous essential inorganic and organic nutrients which are considered necessary for plant metabolism. Besides, this practice provokes various hygienic, ecological and health concerns due to the occurrence of toxic substances such as heavy metals. Pakistan nowadays faces a severe freshwater scarcity. Consequently, untreated wastewater is used routinely in the agriculture sector. In this review, we have highlighted the negative and positive affectivity of wastewater on the chemical characteristics of the soil. This review critically delineates toxic metal accumulation in soil and their possible soil-plant-human transfer. We have also estimated and deliberated possible health hazards linked with the utilization of untreated city waste effluents for the cultivation of food/vegetable crops. Moreover, we carried out a multivariate analysis of data (144 studies of wastewater crop irrigation in Pakistan) to trace out common trends in published data. We have also compared the limit values of toxic metals in irrigation water, soil and plants. Furthermore, some viable solutions and future viewpoints are anticipated taking into account the on-ground situation in Pakistan-such as planning and sanitary matters, remedial/management technologies, awareness among local habitants (especially farmers) and the role of the government, NGOs and pertinent stakeholders. The data are supported by 13 tables and 7 figures.

A critical analysis of wastewater use in agriculture and associated health risks in Pakistan.

The use of soils around dumpsites in rural and urban areas in Ghana is common for food production especially vegetables. However, most people use such soils without knowledge of the risk of heavy metal uptake by plants. Therefore, the evaluation of heavy metal contamination is an important component of risk assessment at waste dumpsites. Hence, this study was conducted in Sunyani municipality to determine the risk of heavy metal pollution and physicochemical properties of soils at a waste dumpsite. Fifteen (15) soil samples (5 from each zone) were collected from a depth of 0–30 cm depth within the 3 demarcated zones of the dumpsite namely; Top-site, Dump-site, and Down-site. Physicochemical properties and heavy metals (e.g. lead, zinc and cadmium) were analysed to determine their concentrations in the collected soil samples. From the result, significant differences (p  down-site > top-site. The concentration of the metals ranked as Fe > Pb > As > Zn > Cd at the dumpsite. The results revealed that the soil at the dumpsite is heavily contaminated with Fe (> 30 mgkg−1) as opposed to less than 0.55 mg kg−1 for the remaining heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb and Zn). However, heavy metals contamination at the various sampling locations of the dumpsite were within the permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO. There is the need for regular monitoring and decontamination of the dumpsite before use for agricultural activities.

Municipal waste dumpsite: Impact on soil properties and heavy metal concentrations, Sunyani, Ghana

Screening stably low cadmium and moderately high micronutrients wheat cultivars under three different agricultural environments of China

The high nutrients and organic matter (OM) content of sewage sludge make it an excellent fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and crop production. However, the presence of adsorbed and precipitated forms of heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd), can be a major problem for such a utilization of sludge. This pot study aims at producing safe food with minimal Cd concentrations from sewage sludge amended soils. Two wheat cultivars (NARC-11 and Shafaq-06) were sown in soil amended with sewage sludge with rates 0, 15 and 30 g kg-1 soil. Application of sewage sludge resulted in enhancement of wheat grain yield while Cd concentrations in wheat grains of both cultivars remained within permissible limits (24.1 to 58.6 μg kg-1 dry weight). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis revealed more spectral changes in fulvic acids than in humic acids, which showed a higher humification degree, making them chemically and biologically more stable for Cd retention. Sequential extraction data of Cd after NARC-11 harvest exhibited a significant decrease in mobile fractions (exchangeable and reducible fractions were reduced by 3.6 and 5.2%, respectively) and increase in immobile fraction (the oxidizable and residual fractions increased by 7 and 1.8%, respectively). It is concluded that sewage sludge application could be useful for the improvement of wheat production due to formation of stable humate complexes and decrease in Cd availability.

Effect of humic and fulvic acid transformation on cadmium availability to wheat cultivars in sewage sludge amended soil.

Freshwater resources are being squeezed all over the world because of shifts in climate patterns, and a severe shortage of water is the major threat to food security. Most developing countries are overpopulated, and the quality and quantity of food available for these ever-increasing populations are questionable. Wise distribution of freshwater among different stakeholders is a prerequisite, giving priority to domestic use. For agriculture, wastewater of a suitable quality should be used with proper treatment and good management practices. A huge volume of wastewater is being generated, which must be properly managed for use in growing different crops. Similarly, farmers use groundwater as a supplementary source of surface water for irrigation. Unfortunately, most groundwater is brackish because of high salinity and/or sodicity. In this chapter, alternative sources of irrigation water are identified and their compositions are addressed comprehensively. It has been indicated that most alternative water sources are of low quality, and their use in agriculture demands continuous management and monitoring. Different available options are focused on, especially those acceptable to farmers, because resource-poor farmers are mostly concerned with economics. These management choices include alternative irrigation with canal water, conjunctive use of wastewater with good or marginal water, use of different organic and inorganic amendments, etc. Case studies have evaluated economic use of poor-quality water with canal irrigation. This chapter provides insights into opportunities and challenges for effective use of poor-quality water in agriculture.

Use of Poor-quality Water for Agricultural Production

The influence of humic and fulvic acids on Cd bioavailability to wheat cultivars grown on sewage irrigated Cd-contaminated soils.

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Effect of humic and fulvic acid transformation on cadmium availability to wheat cultivars in sewage sludge amended soil.

Use of Poor-quality Water for Agricultural Production

The influence of humic and fulvic acids on Cd bioavailability to wheat cultivars grown on sewage irrigated Cd-contaminated soils.