This paper presents a new generation of ultra-compact and high-vacuum cooled X-ray refractive lens-based transfocators for collimation, transport, and focusing of hard X-rays. The transfocator is an optical device capable of changing the position of focus depending on the number of X-ray refractive lenses, which are exposed along the optical path of X-ray radiation. The design features of the device allow the individual optical elements to be controlled independently of each other, providing a more flexible adjustment of the focal distance for a wide range of applications. The small overall dimensions and light weight of the devices allow them to be integrated into any synchrotron radiation station.

X-Ray Transfocators a Tunable X-Ray Focusing Apparatus Based on Compound Refractive Lenses

Compound refractive lenses (CRL) are broadly used at X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facilities for they are less sensitive to angular vibrations. XFEL spectroscopy endstations need long-range tunable photon energy and separately controlled beam size in the vertical and horizontal direction. However, the focal distance of CRL lenses is photon-energy dependent while the sample positions of XFEL endstations are fixed. Transfocators are thus proposed in which CRL lenses are grouped and can be inserted in and removed from the beamline, allowing the fast switch between different photon energies and spot sizes. To individually adjust the focal spot size in two dimensions, 1D and 2D compound refractive lenses are combined.

Microfocusing compound refractive lenses design for XFEL spectroscopy applications

This study describes high-energy x-ray focusing optics using compound refractive lenses (CRLs) for high-pressure x-ray diffraction (XRD) with a monochromatic x-ray beam. A CRL-based x-ray transfocator was upgraded and installed in the optics hutch at the BL10XU beamline of SPring-8. The instrument can be equipped with two types of CRLs in parallel: a newly designed aluminum (Al) CRL for x-ray energies of 40-62 keV and an existing glassy carbon CRL for those up to 40 keV. In only the Al-CRL-based x-ray transfocator, a 62 keV monochromatic x-ray beam with horizontal (H) and vertical (V) focused spots, whose sizes were 189 and 10.5 µm, respectively, and a flux of 1.32 × 1011 phs/s were generated. A polymer SU-8 CRL fabricated via deep x-ray lithography was installed to further reduce the x-ray beam size. The Al-CRL and the SU-8 CRL were combined to generate a smaller spot size of 12.5 (H) × 11.0 (V) μm2 with a flux of 3 × 1010 phs/s at 62 keV. A two-step optical configuration combining an x-ray transfocator and SU-8 CRL provides a valuable method for high-pressure XRD using a high-energy x-ray focused beam. The optical design and performance of the Al-CRL-based x-ray transfocator, its combination with the SU-8 CRL, and the first results of the focusing optics commissioning are presented here.

X-ray focusing to 62 keV by compound refractive lenses for high-pressure x-ray diffraction.

X-ray Transfocators: Tunable X-Ray Focusing Apparatus Based on Compound Refractive Lenses

Beam conditioning CRL transfocator optics implemented at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument of the European XFEL are described. Two CRL transfocator units are equipped with beryllium parabolic refractive lenses of large radii of curvature to provide collimated or focused x-ray beam in the 5–25 keV photon energy range. Optical schemes, design and performance of the CRL units, which were recently installed at the SASE2 photon tunnels, are presented.

Beam conditioning CRL transfocator optics at the MID instrument of the European XFEL

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Beam conditioning CRL transfocator optics at the MID instrument of the European XFEL