The Kolo Creek was assessed to determine the impact of human activities on the water quality using the Water Quality Index. Water samples were collected from six sample sites (A-F) during the dry and wet seasons and assessed for physicochemical and biological parameters. Results from the study showed a mean e-coli level of 39.83±2.93 (Cfu); mean pH of 7.23±0.37 in the dry season and 6.78±0.18 for the wet season; and mean DO levels of 7.58±1.00mg/l during the dry season and 9.29±2.67mg/l during the wet season indicating that the Kolo Creek was biologically polluted but physicochemical potable for domestic use. However, combined physicochemical and biological classification with the water quality index ranked the creek water as medium (Class III) and not good for consumption. The water quality index was affirmed as a good single measure of water quality. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i11.3 Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Ebuete and Bariweni. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 07 October 2019; Revised: 11 November 2019; 24 November 2019

/pdf/water-quality-index-of-kolo-creek-bayelsa-state-nigeria-3a3pe5zau0.pdf

Water quality index of Kolo Creek, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

With the decline of operational river gauges monitoring sediments, a viable means of quantifying sediment transport is needed. In this study, we address this issue by applying relationships between hydraulic geometry of river channels, water discharge, water-leaving surface reflectance (SR), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to quantify sediment discharge with the aid of space-based observations. We examined 5490 Landsat scenes to estimate water discharge, SSC, and sediment discharge for the period from 1984 to 2017 at nine gauging sites along the Upper Mississippi River. We used recent advances in remote sensing of fluvial systems, such as automated river width extraction, Bayesian discharge inference with at-many-stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG), and SSC-SR regression models. With 621 Landsat scenes available from all the gauging sites, the results showed that the water discharge and SSC retrieval from Landsat imagery can yield reasonable sediment discharge estimates along the Upper Mississippi River. An overall relative bias of −25.4, mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.24 × 104 tonne/day, relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 1.21, and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.49 were obtained for the sediment discharge estimation. Based on these statistical metrics, we identified three of the nine gauging sites (St. Louis, MO; Chester, IL; and Thebes, IL), which were in the downstream portion of the river, to be the best locations for estimating water and sediment discharge using Landsat imagery.

Estimating River Sediment Discharge in the Upper Mississippi River Using Landsat Imagery

: The article presents an assessment of the effects of anthropogenic activities on the quality of water in four streams flowing through a camp based on a combined assessment of environmental impacts and the water quality index. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of environmental impact was made after identifying the anthropogenic activities carried out in the camp. The water quality index ( WQI ) was calculated after monitoring seventeen physicochemical and microbiological variables and the Montoya index was applied. The samples were collected during 48 sampling campaigns, organised over the period of six months in eight stations. Two stations were located in each stream, one before and one after it passed through the camp. The results indicated that streams 1, 3, and 4 show a slight deterioration in water quality, affected by anthropogenic activities carried out in the said camp; meanwhile, stream 2 shows an increasing deterioration in water quality. The water quality of the streams before passing through the camp was determined to be between “uncontaminated” and “acceptable”, while after passing through the camp it was classified between “acceptable” and “slightly contaminated”. The results indicated a non-significant difference between the downstream and upstream WQI values for streams 1, 3, and 4; while stream 2 did show a significant difference in the WQI between upstream and downstream; indicating that anthropogenic activities alter the quality of the water.

Evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic activities on surface water quality using a water quality index and environmental assessment

Rivers present a continuous renewable physical resource for domestic and agricultural purposes. Kaani and Kpean rivers in Bori town in Rivers state, Nigeria are the common sources of water to the people. The water quality assessment of these rivers is carried out using fifteen physicochemical parameters. These parameters were measured for three consecutive months of July, August and September 2017 at three sampling points for each river. These months are the months of the rainy season. The samples were analysed using the standardized method of the American Public Health Association (APHA). The concentrations of all the analysed parameters were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF WQI) and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WA WQI) were used for assessment. The NSF WQI values of 59.77 and 63.45 were obtained for Kaani and Kpean respectively. The NSF WQI was able to give a good evaluation of the gradual change in the water quality of these two rivers as they flowed through the communities from Kaani to Kpean. The results obtained using the WA WQI gave values of 1.68 and 6.04 for Kaani and Kpean respectively indicating that these water bodies have excellent water quality rating and both methods find useful application in the assessment of Kaani and Kpean and rivers. This study shows that in the months of the rainy season, these two rivers have good water quality and are fit for use.

/pdf/application-of-national-sanitation-foundation-and-weighted-3axodq5knn.pdf

Application of National Sanitation Foundation and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Indices for the Assessment of Kaani and Kpean Rivers in Nigeria

Environmental pollution arising from crude oil exploratory activities has adversely impacted both the living and non-living components of the ecosystem. An insight into the impact of such activities with focus on Goi Creek in Ogoniland was provided in this study. We generated reliable data for physicochemical, heavy metal, and total hydrocarbon levels in the creek via a total of 40 samples collected across 4 stations designated within the creek in a duration of 10 months. With the exception of temperature, total dissolve solid, dissolved oxygen, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, zinc, and vanadium, the levels of other regulated parameters in the samples were not compatible with the national and international guidelines and standards for surface water quality including Federal Ministry of Environment Guidelines and standards for water quality in Nigeria and Environmental Protection Agency National recommended water quality criteria, respectively. The principal components (PCs) 1 and 2 of principal component analysis biplot revealed that the concentrations of the physicochemical parameters showed a mixed distribution among the stations; however, the heavy metals were more localized to station 4. Moreover, the dataset was subjected to water quality index (WQI), contamination index (Cd), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), trace element toxicity index (TETI), and environmental water quality index (EWQI) to determine the extent of contamination. The result showed poor WQI, high contamination for Cd, and low-to-medium contamination for HEI. Although, there were variations among the stations on the contamination level, uniform remediation method should be adopted due to the similarity of the contaminants in all the stations.

Another insight into the contamination levels at Ogoniland in Niger Delta, Nigeria, with focus on Goi Creek.

Assessment of water quality was conducted from June to December, 2011 in five stations along the stretch of the Benin River between Ajimele and Koko town in attempt to assess and determine the source of anthropogenic activities affecting the river. Twentyfour parameters have been monitored on 5 sampling stations on a monthly-day-trip. Inter station comparisons and locations of significant differences were carried out using parametric ANOVA and Duncan multiple range tests. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to establish relationship among water quality parameters and determine the water quality status. First six components of PCA accounted for 90.96% of observed variations and showed similarity between the sampling stations indicating different anthropogenic activities and pollution levels of sampled sites. Factors identified as responsible for variability in the sampling stations are organic pollution, industrial effluent, soil erosion, nutrient loading and human activities, especially in station 4 and 5. WQI for sampling stations 1 and 3 was very poor for drinking (201 - 300) and stations 2, 4 and 5 was unsuitable (> 301) for human consumptions. In the final analysis, this investigation presents the usefulness of PCA and WQI in assessing complex datasets of surface water quality and as well as a call to action for the state and federal ministry of environment to take this issue of water quality degradation in Benin River into consideration, by reducing organic pollution and effluent discharge into the river. An intense and continuous water quality monitoring is highly recommended. © JASEM Keywords : Organic pollution, Industrial effluent, Water Quality Index (WQI), Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

/pdf/assessment-of-anthropogenic-activities-on-water-quality-of-3dr7ahbgoy.pdf

Assessment of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality of Benin River

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Assessment of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality of Benin River