Background and Objectives: In dentistry, low-power lasers have been used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, gingivitis, periodontitis, and different forms of oral ulcers. This in vitro study focuses on the biostimulation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts by a low-power Ga–As-pulsed laser. StudyDesign/MaterialsandMethods: We have studied cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts submitted to low-power laser irradiation with energy densities varying from 3 to 5 J/cm 2 over a period of 1–6 days. The light source was a 120 mW Ga–As diode laser (l ¼ 904 nm). Growth curves and procollagen immunoprecipitation were obtained. Results: Irradiation of 3 and 4 J/cm 2 increased the cell numbers about threefold to sixfold comparing to control cultures. However, this effect was restricted to a small range of energy densities since 5 J/cm 2 had no effect on cell growth. The energy density of 3 J/cm 2 remarkably increased cell growth, with no effect on procollagen synthesis, as demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation analysis. Conclusions: Our results showed that a particular laser irradiation stimulates fibroblast proliferation, without impairing procollagen synthesis. Lasers Surg. Med. 31: 263–267, 2002. 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effect of low-power laser irradiation on cell growth and procollagen synthesis of cultured fibroblasts.

Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960 and the application of the laser for endodontics by Weichman in 1971, a variety of papers on potential applications for lasers in endodontics have been published. The purpose of this paper is to summarize laser applications in endodontics, including their use in pulp diagnosis, dentinal hypersensitivity, pulp capping and pulpotomy, sterilization of root canals, root canal shaping and obturation and apicectomy. The effects of laser on root canal walls and periodontal tissues are also reviewed. The essential question is whether a laser can provide equal or improved treatment over conventional care. Secondary issues include treatment duration and cost/benefit ratio. This article reviews the role of lasers in endodontics since the early 1970s, summarizes many research reports from the last decade, and surmises what the future may hold for lasers in endodontics. With the potential availability of many new laser wavelengths and modes, much interest is developing in this promising field.

Lasers in endodontics: a review.

Objective: A series of experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the mechanism of holmium:YAG lithotripsy is photothermal. Methods and Results: To show that holmium:YAG lithot...

Holmium: YAG lithotripsy: photothermal mechanism.

http://stombook.narod.ru/free/Glen_van_as-erbium_lasers_in_dentistry.pdf

Erbium lasers in dentistry.

Background Laser systems have been developed for the cutting of dental hard tissues. The erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet, or Er,Cr:YSGG, laser system used in conjunction with an air-water spray has been shown to be efficacious in vitro for cavity preparation. Methods The authors randomly selected subjects for cavity preparation with conventional air turbine/bur dental surgery or an Er,Cr:YSGG laser-powered system using a split-mouth design. They prepared Class I, III and V cavities, placed resin restorations and evaluated subjects on the day of the procedure and 30 days and six months postoperatively for pulp vitality, recurrent caries, pain and discomfort, and restoration retention. Sixty-seven subjects completed the study. Results There were no statistical differences between the two treatment groups for the parameters measured with one exception; there was a statistically significant decrease in discomfort levels for the laser system at the time of cavity preparation for subjects who declined to receive local anesthetic. Conclusions The Er,Cr:YSGG laser system is effective for preparation of Class I, III and V cavities and resin restorations are retained by lased tooth surfaces. Clinical Implications Hard-tissue cutting lasers are being introduced for use in operative dentistry. In this study, an Er,Cr:YSGG laser has been shown to be effective for cavity preparation and restoration replacement.

A laser-powered hydrokinetic system for caries removal and cavity preparation.

The Nd:YAG laser has been marketed as an instrument for use on both hard and soft dental tissues. Its potential for use on hard tissues is limited but it may be the instrument of choice for use in certain soft tissue procedures. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on amalgam restorations which are frequently placed on tooth surfaces adjacent to areas of soft tissue which may be subjected to the laser. The amalgam used was Tytin. The laser firing was controlled by a computer and a constant repetition rate of 40 Hz was used. Energy per pulse was altered as follows: 30 mJ, 40 mJ, 60 mJ, 80 mJ, 120 mJ and 140 mJ. Exposure times of 0.05 s (2 pulses), 0.125 s (5 pulses), 0.25 s (10 pulses), 0.5 s (20 pulses), 1 s (40 pulses), 2 s (80 pulses), 3 s (120 pulses), 4 s (160 pulses), and 5 s (200 pulses) were used. The width of defect was measured using a measuring microscope with 10x magnification and it was established that the damage threshold lies between 0.125 s (5 pulses) and 0.25 s (10 pulses) for 30 mJ per pulse. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the melting of amalgam at exposure times of 5 s actually decreased the size of the observed defect. The data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA statistical test. There was a significant (p < 0.001) correlation between the width of the defect and exposure time up to an exposure time of 4 s and the width of defect and the energy per pulse setting. The findings indicate that amalgam restorations are damaged by inadvertent laser exposure and clinicians must take measures to protect such restorations during lasing of soft tissues.

The effects of the Nd:YAG laser on amalgam dental restorative material.

The aim of this clinical study was to describe the possibility of using the Nd:YAG laser device utilized in the dental offices to weld metals intraorally. The authors, before applying this technique “in vivo” on human subjects, tested the “in vitro” metal welding efficacy of dental Nd:YAG device firstly by interferometry, SEM, and EDS and subsequently by thermal camera and thermocouples in order to record temperature changes during the welding process on bovine jaws. Four implants were inserted in the edentulous maxillary arch of a 67 years old male patient. Immediately after that, a bar previously made by the dental technician was intraorally welded to the abutments by Nd:YAG laser (Fidelis Plus III, Fotona, Slovenia) with these parameters: 9.90 mJ, 1 Hz, 15 msec, 0.6 mm spot. Then the prosthesis was connected to the bar with four OT Caps. This clinical study, even if preliminary, suggests that laser welding technique may be intraorally used without side effects.

/pdf/intraoral-laser-welding-ilw-in-implant-prosthetic-dentistry-1y68ul3xil.pdf

Intraoral Laser Welding (ILW) in Implant Prosthetic Dentistry: Case Report

Effects of chlorine-containing disinfecting compounds on shade guides made of acrylic resin

The aim of this study was to use microchannels drilled by an Er:YAG laser into a human tooth through the enamel into the dentin for direct injection of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to produce a minimally invasive, rapid, tooth bleaching effect. The experiments were conducted in vitro. Five microchannels with a diameter of ∼200  μm and a depth of ∼2  mm were drilled through the palatal side of a human tooth crown using the microbeam of an Er:YAG-laser with a wavelength of 2.94  μm. After injection of an aqueous solution of 31%-HP through the microchannels, the tooth color was evaluated using a VITA shade guide and International Commission on Illumination L*ab color parameters. A tooth model used for the evaluation of the distribution of HP concentration was created and the amount of HP which can be injected into tooth dentin to bleach it safely was estimated. Injection of 1.5±0.1  mm3 of 31%-HP into the tooth led to noticeable bleaching within 3 h and significant improvement of tooth color within 24 h.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-biomedical-optics/volume-21/issue-12/125001/Peroxide-dental-bleaching-via-laser-microchannels-and-tooth-color-measurements/10.1117/1.JBO.21.12.125001.pdf

Peroxide dental bleaching via laser microchannels and tooth color measurements.

This study examined a novel method of laser treatment of enamel, which, by optimizing air and water flow and removing the accumulated debris at the base of the crater with a blast of air, resulted in a 3.2 times increase in the speed of enamel “cutting” compared with conventional laser technology.

An improved method of Er:YAG laser treatment of hard dental tissue

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