Scholars of security affairs can stop their dreary quarrels over military doctrine and balance assessments, and turn their attention to finding ways to prevent global warming and preserve the ozone layer. European leaders can contemplate how to spend peace dividends. This chapter assesses this optimistic view by exploring in detail the consequences for Europe of an end to the Cold War. It examines the effects of a scenario under which the Cold War comes to a complete end. The chapter argues that bipolarity, an equal military balance, and nuclear weapons have fostered peace in Europe. It offers an explanation for the peacefulness of the post-World War II order. The chapter examines the theories underlying claims that a multipolar Europe is likely to be as peaceful, if not more peaceful, than Cold War Europe. The peace-loving democracies theory holds that domestic political factors, not calculations about military power or the international economic system, are the principal determinant of peace.

/pdf/back-to-the-future-instability-in-europe-after-the-cold-war-442uyvdvvh.pdf

Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War

1. Reflections after a very long day in Moscow 2. On the rational choice of culture 3. On the theory and practice of social capital 4. Social capital in the social democratic welfare state 5. How is social capital produced? 6. The problem of institutional credibility 7. Trust and collective memories 8. The transition from mistrust to trust 9. The conditions of trust and the capacity of dialogue.

/pdf/social-traps-and-the-problem-of-trust-320ip8ogs5.pdf

Social Traps and the Problem of Trust

This paper examines the value of connections between German industry and the Nazi movement in early 1933. Drawing on previously unused contemporary sources about management and supervisory board composition and stock returns, we find that one out of seven firms, and a large proportion of the biggest companies, had substantive links with the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Firms supporting the Nazi movement experienced unusually high returns, outperforming unconnected ones by 5% to 8% between January and March 1933. These results are not driven by sectoral composition and are robust to alternative estimators and definitions of affiliation.

http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/stuff_for_blog/Ferg%20QJE%20Vol.%20123,%20No.%201%202008-1.pdf

Betting on Hitler—The Value of Political Connections in Nazi Germany

1. Introduction 2. Fear, interest and honor 3. The spirit and its expression 4. The ancient world 5. Medieval Europe 6. From Sun King to Revolution 7. Imperialism and World War I 8. World War II 9. Hitler to Bush and beyond 10. General findings and conclusions.

/pdf/a-cultural-theory-of-international-relations-4bpcaeiy8z.pdf

A Cultural Theory of International Relations

Introduction: The Project of Historiography Section 1: Beginnings - East and West Introduction 1.1 Asian Historiography: Two Traditions 1.2 Historiography and Greek Self-Definition .3 Re-Reading the Roman Historians 1.4 The Historiography of Rural Labour 1.5 Towards Late-Antiquity Section 2: The Medieval World Introduction 2.1 The Historiography of the Medieval State 2.2 Saladin and the Third Crusade 2.3 Family and Household 2.4 The Medieval Nobility 2.5 Armies and Warfare 2.6 Popular Religion Section 3: Early-Modern Historiography Introduction 3.1 The Idea of Early Modern History 3.2 The Scientific Revolution 3.3 Intellectual History 3.4 The English Reformation 3.5 Popular Culture in the Early-Modern West 3.6 Revisionism in Britain Section 4: Reflecting on the Modern Age Introduction I: Revolution and Ideology 4.1 The French Revolution 4.2 The Soviet Revolution 4.3 National Socialism in Germany 4.4 Fascism and Beyond in Italy 4.5 Orientalism London: II Area Studies 4.6 China 4.7 Japan 4.8 India 4.9 Africa 4.10 North America 4.11 Latin America Section 5: Contexts for the Writing of History I: Hinterlands 5.1 History and Philosophy 5.2 History and Anthropology 5.3 History and Archaeology 5.4 History of Art II: Approaches 5.5 The Historical Narrative 5.6 The Annales School 5.7 Marxist Historiography 5.8 Women in Historiography 5.9 Comparative World History 5.10 Archives and Technology

Companion to Historiography

From his illegitimate birth in a small Austrian village to his fiery death in a bunker under the Reich chancellery in Berlin, Adolf Hitler left a murky trail, strewn with contradictory tales and overgrown with self-created myths. One truth prevails: the sheer scale of the evils that he unleashed on the world has made him a demonic figure without equal in this century. Ian Kershaw's Hitler brings us closer than ever before to the character of the bizarre misfit in his thirty-year ascent from a Viennese shelter for the indigent to uncontested rule over the German nation that had tried and rejected democracy in the crippling aftermath of World War I. With extraordinary vividness, Kershaw recreates the settings that made Hitler's rise possible: the virulent anti-Semitism of prewar Vienna, the crucible of a war with immense casualties, the toxic nationalism that gripped Bavaria in the 1920s, the undermining of the Weimar Republic by extremists of the Right and the Left, the hysteria that accompanied Hitler's seizure of power in 1933 and then mounted in brutal attacks by his storm troopers on Jews and others condemned as enemies of the Aryan race. In an account drawing on many previously untapped sources, Hitler metamorphoses from an obscure fantasist, a "drummer" sounding an insistent beat of hatred in Munich beer halls, to the instigator of an infamous failed putsch and, ultimately, to the leadership of a ragtag alliance of right-wing parties fused into a movement that enthralled the German people. This volume, the first of two, ends with the promulgation of the infamous Nuremberg laws that pushed German Jews to the outer fringes of society, and with the march of the German army into the Rhineland, Hitler's initial move toward the abyss of war.

Hitler, 1889-1936: Hubris

‘The best short introduction to the study of Hitler’s Germany.’ -European History Quarterly
 The 40th-anniversary edition of Sir Ian Kershaw’s ground-breaking study of the Third Reich. With a brand new foreword by Mary Fulbrook,The Nazi Dictatorshipcovers all the major themes and debates relating to Nazism including the Holocaust, Hitler’s authority and leadership, economics in the Nazi state, Nazi foreign policy, German resistance, and the aftermath. Regarded by many as the world’s leading authority on Hitler and the Third Reich, Kershaw has redefined the way we look at this period of modern European history.

The Nazi dictatorship

Ian Kershaw's "Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940-41" offers a penetrating insight into a series of momentous political decisions that shaped the course of the Second World War. The hurricane of events that marked the opening of the Second World War meant that anything could happen. For the aggressors there was no limit to their ambitions; for their victims a new Dark Age beckoned. Over the next few months their fates would be determined. In "Fateful Choices" Ian Kershaw re-creates the ten critical decisions taken between May 1940, when Britain chose not to surrender, and December 1941, when Hitler decided to destroy Europe's Jews, showing how these choices would recast the entire course of history. "Powerfully argued ...important ...this book actually alters our perspective of the Second World War". (Andrew Roberts). "This fascinating, closely-argued book adds to our understanding of a terrible war". (Alan Massie). "A compelling re-examination of the conflict...Kershaw displays here those same qualities of scholarly rigour, careful argument and sound judgement that he brought to bear so successfully in his life of Hitler". (Richard Overy). "A splendidly lucid and impeccably argued exposition of the greatest political decisions of the Second World War". (Max Hastings). "How fortunate that it is Ian Kershaw bringing his immense knowledge and clarity of thought to the task ...brilliantly explained ...an immensely wise book". (Anthony Beevor). Ian Kershaw (b. 1943) was Professor of Modern History at the University of Sheffield from 1989-2008, and is one of the world's leading authorities on Hitler. His books include "The 'Hitler Myth'", his two volume biography "Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris" and "Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis", and "Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940-1941". He was knighted in 2002.

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941

Ceaseless radicalization the drive for expansion marks of a genocidal mentality miscalculation going for broke licensing barbarism zenith of power designing a "war of annihilation" showdown fulfilling the "prophecy" last big throw of the dice beleaguered hoping for miracles luck of the devil no way out into the abyss extinction.

Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis

1. 'FUHRER OF THE COMING GERMANY': THE HITLER IMAGE IN THE WEIMAR ERA 6. BLITZKRIEG TRIUMPH: HIGH PEAK OF POPULARITY, 1940-1941 9. HITLER'S POPULAR IMAGE AND THE 'JEWISH QUESTION'

The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich

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