Background Germination has been widely employed to produce germinated edible seeds and sprouts for consumption in our daily life. Through simple germination procedures, many edible seeds can be germinated in a short time with improved nutritional and medicinal values. Understanding the main bioactive compounds and bioactivities of germinated edible seeds and sprouts can be helpful for their better utilization as functional foods. Scope and approach This review mainly summarizes recent studies about the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of germinated edible seeds and sprouts, and the potential molecular mechanisms of accumulating bioactive compounds in germination are discussed. Key findings and conclusions Germination can accumulate different bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, γ-aminobutyric acid and polyphenols, and this can be dependent on de novo synthesis and transformation. In addition, germinated edible seeds and sprouts possess many bioactivities, such as their antioxidant capacity, which is significantly increased after germination. Therefore, germination can be a green food engineering method to accumulate natural bioactive compounds, and those germinated edible seeds and sprouts rich in natural bioactive compounds can be consumed as functional foods to prevent chronic diseases.

Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of germinated edible seeds and sprouts: An updated review

In this review we discuss the biological significance
of D-chiro-inositol, originally discovered
as a component of a putative mediator of
intracellular insulin action, where as a putative
mediator, it accelerates the dephosphorylation
of glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase,
rate limiting enzymes of non-oxidative
and oxidative glucose disposal.Early studies demonstrated a linear relationship
between its decreased urinary excretion
and the degree of insulin resistance present.
When tissue contents, including muscle, of type
2 diabetic subjects were assayed, they demonstrated
a more general body deficiency.
Administration of D-chiro-inositol to diabetic
rats, Rhesus monkeys and now to humans
accelerated glucose disposal and sensitized
insulin action.A defect in vivo in the epimerization of myoinositol to chiro-inositol in insulin sensitive tissues
of the GK type 2 diabetic rat has been elucidated.
Thus, administered D-chiro-inositol
may act to bypass a defective normal epimerization
of myo-inositol to D-chiro-inositol
associated with insulin resistance and act to at
least partially restore insulin sensitivity and glucose
disposal.

/pdf/d-chiro-inositol-its-functional-role-in-insulin-action-and-5gqaei1wot.pdf

D-chiro-inositol--its functional role in insulin action and its deficit in insulin resistance.

Classical actions of insulin involve increased glucose uptake from the bloodstream and its metabolism in peripheral tissues, the most important and relevant effects for human health. However, nonoxidative and oxidative glucose disposal by activation of glycogen synthase (GS) and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) remain incompletely explained by current models for insulin action. Since the discovery of insulin receptor Tyr kinase activity about 25 years ago, the dominant paradigm for intracellular signaling by insulin invokes protein phosphorylation downstream of the receptor and its primary Tyr phosphorylated substrates—the insulin receptor substrate family of proteins. This scheme accounts for most, but not all, intracellular actions of insulin. Essentially forgotten is the previous literature and continuing work on second messengers generated in cells in response to insulin. Treatment and even prevention of diabetes and metabolic syndrome will benefit from a more complete elucidation of cellular-signaling events activated by insulin, to include the actions of second messengers such as glycan molecules that contain D-chiroinositol (DCI). The metabolism of DCI is associated with insulin sensitivity and resistance, supporting the concept that second messengers have a role in responses to and resistance to insulin.

D-Chiro-Inositol Glycans in Insulin Signaling and Insulin Resistance

OBJECTIVE —Evidence suggests that some actions of insulin are effected by inositolphosphoglycan (IPG) mediators. We hypothesize that a deficiency in D- chiro -inositol (DCI) and/or a DCI-containing IPG (DCI-IPG) may contribute to insulin resistance in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —To assess this possibility in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), we determined insulin sensitivity ( S i by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test), plasma and urinary DCI and myo -inositol (MYO) levels (by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), and the release of insulin and DCI-IPG during the oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve [AUC]) in 23 women with PCOS and 26 normal women. RESULTS —Women with PCOS were heavier than control subjects ( P = 0.002 for BMI), but also had decreased S i ( P insulin ( P DCI ) was increased almost sixfold in PCOS compared with normal women ( P = 0.001), but not MYO clearance ( P = 0.10). uCl DCI correlated inversely with S i when all women were analyzed together ( n = 49, r = −0.50, P S i . Finally, the ratio of AUC DCI-IPG to AUC insulin was decreased threefold in women with PCOS ( P CONCLUSIONS —uCl DCI is inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in women and is a strong independent predictor of insulin resistance in multivariate models. PCOS, which is characterized by insulin resistance, is associated with a selective increase in uCl DCI and impaired DCI-IPG release in response to insulin. These findings are consistent with a defect in tissue availability or utilization of DCI in PCOS that may contribute to the insulin resistance of the syndrome.

/pdf/altered-d-chiro-inositol-urinary-clearance-in-women-with-2jsl10qf8g.pdf

Altered D-chiro-inositol urinary clearance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Cell signaling via inositol phosphates, in particular via the second messenger myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and phosphoinositides comprises a huge field of biology. Of the nine 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol isomers, myo-inositol is pre-eminent, with "other" inositols (cis-, epi-, allo-, muco-, neo-, L-chiro-, D-chiro-, and scyllo-) and derivatives rarer or thought not to exist in nature. However, neo- and d-chiro-inositol hexakisphosphates were recently revealed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, thus highlighting the paucity of knowledge of the origins and potential biological functions of such stereoisomers, a prevalent group of environmental organic phosphates, and their parent inositols. Some "other" inositols are medically relevant, for example, scyllo-inositol (neurodegenerative diseases) and d-chiro-inositol (diabetes). It is timely to consider exploration of the roles and applications of the "other" isomers and their derivatives, likely by exploiting techniques now well developed for the myo series.

/pdf/the-other-inositols-and-their-phosphates-synthesis-biology-554n2kow7e.pdf

The "Other" Inositols and Their Phosphates: Synthesis, Biology, and Medicine (with Recent Advances in myo-Inositol Chemistry).

D-chiro-inositol is a rare inositol isomer present in inositol phosphoglycans which are proposed mediators of insulin action. To study D-chiro-inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus, a sensitive and specific assay was developed using negative-ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Median urinary D-chiro-inositol excretion, which was 2.1 mumol/day in nondiabetics, was substantially increased to 12 mumol/day in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (P < 0.0001) and to 74 mumol/day in insulin-dependent diabetes (P < 0.0001). Urinary D-chiro-inositol was strongly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.568, P < 0.0001), glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.529, P < 0.0001), and urinary glucose (r = 0.368, P = 0.01). The renal clearance of D-chiro-inositol was selectively elevated in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes when compared with the clearances of L-chiro-inositol or myo-inositol and exceeded the glomerular filtration rate in 71% of the diabetics but in none of the nondiabetics. In poorly controlled diabetic patients insulin treatment reduced urinary D-chiro-inositol losses by 63% and increased plasma levels by 8.8-fold. The metabolism of D-chiro-inositol is abnormal in diabetes and appears to be influenced by short- and long-term metabolic control.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/90/21/9988.full.pdf

D-chiro-inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus

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D-chiro-inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus