With the advent of digital technologies, awareness of media is acquiring crucial importance. Media literacy, information literacy and digital literacy are the three most prevailing concepts that focus on a critical approach towards media messages.This article gives an overview of the nature of these literacies, which show both similarities to and differences from each other. The various contexts of their functioning are outlined and additional literacies are mentioned. Especial attention is given to the question of the blurring line between media consumers and producers.

The media and the literacies: media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy

L'A. se penche sur le statut du concept d'information en sciences de l'information dans une perspective interdisciplinaire. Il aborde en premier lieu la question de la definition des termes scientifiques du point de vue de la philosophie des sciences. L'histoire du mot information nous montre l'evolution de sa signification et ses relations avec la notion de connaissance. L'etude de la place du concept d'information dans les sciences naturelles, sociales et humaines montre son caractere interdisciplinaire. L'introduction du terme d'information dans les sciences de l'information et la bibliotheconomie remonte aux environs de 1950. L'accent est mis sur ses relations avec d'autres termes basiques tels que document, texte et connaissance, notamment dans le domaine de la recherche d'information. Enfin l'A. mentionne diverses perpectives theoriques sur l'information en sciences de l'information : theorie de l'information, perspective cognitive, l'information-en-tant-que-chose, l'analyse de domaines, le socio-cognitivisme, l'hermeneutique, la semiotique.

The concept of information

Complexity theory or, more appropriately, theories, serves as an umbrella term for a number of theories, ideas and research programmes that are derived from scientific disciplines such as meteorology, biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics. Complexity theories are increasingly being seen by academics and practitioners as a way of understanding and changing organizations. The aim of this paper is to review the nature of complexity theories and their importance and implications for organizations and organizational change. It begins by showing how perspectives on organizational change have altered over the last 20 years. This is followed by an examination of complexity theories and their implications for organizational change. The paper concludes by arguing that, even in the natural sciences, the complexity approach is not fully developed or unchallenged, and that, as yet, organization theorists do not appear to have moved beyond the stage of using it as metaphor rather than as a mathematical way of analysing and managing organizations.

Complexity theories and organizational change

The value of qualitative empirical research in the management and accounting disciplines lies in its “conceptual framing” of organizational actions, events, processes, and structures. Argues that the possibilities for conceptual framing extend beyond the highly abstract schema generally considered as “theories” by academics. In support of this argument, distinguishes five different forms of theorization. Explores the relationship between these theoretical “levels” and the different issues that empirical research explores, arguing that, as the “level” of theorizing “rises”, issues of agency give way to a focus on practice and, in turn, to a concern with structure. As this happens, research aims directed towards abstraction and explanation supersede those for contextualization and understanding. Concludes that views on “what counts as theory” are, currently, too narrow to conceptualize agency, emergence and change adequately in organizational life and, hence, the full range of significant empirical phenomena that characterize the management and accounting areas are not being researched.

What Counts as "Theory" in Qualitative Management and Accounting Research? Introducing Five Levels of Theorizing

There is no consensus yet on the definition of semantic information. This paper contributes to the current debate by criticising and revising the Standard Definition of semantic Information (SDI) as meaningful data, in favour of the Dretske-Grice approach: meaningful and well-formed data constitute semantic information only if they also qualify as contingently truthful. After a brief introduction, SDI is criticised for providing necessary but insufficient conditions for the definition of semantic information. SDI is incorrect because truth-values do not supervene on semantic information, and misinformation (that is, false semantic information) is not a type of semantic information, but pseudo-information, that is not semantic information at all. This is shown by arguing that none of the reasons for interpreting misinformation as a type of semantic information is convincing, whilst there are compelling reasons to treat it as pseudo-information. As a consequence, SDI is revised to include a necessary truth-condition. The last section summarises the main results of the paper and indicates some interesting areas of application of the revised definition.

/pdf/is-semantic-information-meaningful-data-2qd009omic.pdf

Is Semantic Information Meaningful Data

Systems theories, because of the emphasis they place on the maintenance of order, have generally given an impoverished account of change. Complexity theory gives an explanation of non‐linear systems which makes change fundamental and strikes a better balance between order and disorder. A theory of change management is outlined which unites a generalized notion of emergence in complex systems with a notion of accomplishment in human action. The analysis is applied to a case study of the introduction of a new information system for fingerprint identification into police forces in England and Wales. The analysis shows change management and strategic activity to be widely distributed in the organization. Explores how new practices and understandings are emerging as the new system is introduced.

Emergence and accomplishment in organizational change

This paper presents an approach to the identification and inclusion of 'non-functional' aspects of a business process in modelling for business improvement. The notion of non-functional requirements (NFRs) is borrowed from software engineering, and a method developed in that field for linking NFRs to conceptual models is adapted and applied to business process modelling. Translated into this domain, NFRs are equated with the general or overall quality attributes of a business process, which, though essential aspects of any effective process, are not well captured in a functionally oriented process model. Using an example of a healthcare process (cancer registration in Jordan). We show how an analysis and evaluation of NFRs can be applied to a process model developed with role activity diagramming (RAD) to operationalise desirable quality features more explicitly in the model. This gives a useful extension to RAD and similar modelling methods, as well as providing a basis for business improvement.

Modelling non-functional requirements of business processes

Part 1 Ethical and political aspects: some philosophical and logical aspects of infomation systems, Fenton F Robb implications of regarding information as meaningful rather than factual, Norma Romm the tool perspective on information system design - what Heidegger's philosophy can't do, Martin Spaul thoughts towards a framework for critical practice, Anne Moggridge Part 2 Language and meaning: patterns on glass - the language games of information, Jim Gilligan the nature of information and its relationship to meaning, John Mingers mapping information systems on to the real world, Frank Gregory organic information for the organic organization? - an application of the work of Talcott Parsons to information systems, Richard Kamm Part 3 Methodology: backing into philosophy via information systems, Brian Petheram software engineering as a Kuhnian discipline, Paul Wernick and Russel Winder the metaphysical assumptions of the main Soft Systems Methodology advocates, Stephen Probert towards a paradigm of information systems, Marcus Lyncy Part 4 Organizational aspects: sustainable information in community organizations, Nick Plant a new philosophy, a new agenda - introducing information systems into complex organizations, Stuart Maguire anthropological reflections on systems engineering - seeing is believing, George Bakehouse et al Part 5 Physical aspects: evolution, emergence and synaesthesia, John Gammack and Carolyn Begg the body in the information system, Ian Beeson

Philosophical Aspects of Information Systems

This article considers how information can be judged relevant, and what information literacy means, in the context of the World Wide Web. Rather than knowing how to find precisely the right informa...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.11120/ital.2006.05040210

Judging relevance: a problem for e-litreacy

We have used the business process modelling method ‘Riva’ to model processes of programme management in two UK universities. The method depends on the identification of ‘essential business entities’ as the basis for defining a process architecture. The author of the method claims that organisations in the same business will have the same process architecture. In two attempts to produce process architectures for our case organisations, we could not produce any convergence in the outcomes. The exercise was however useful, as is the method. We make some suggestions regarding a core architecture for the area of activity under study, and make some observations on the method and the concepts used in it.

/pdf/process-architectures-in-higher-education-imslskzkz7.pdf

Process architectures in higher education

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